Leptospira

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Case #2
* Blood samples were collected for serology from all the
affected animals, and a diagnosis of leptospirosis was made.
The remaining pregnant cows were treated with penicillin
and streptomycin. No further cases occurred.

Question 3

Genus: Leptospira
- ________, ______, gram- ________ spirochete, which usually have ______ at _____ or _____ ends (0.1 um X 10-20 um)
- Organism winds around an _____ filament
(___ flagella) embedded between _____
envelope and _______ & forms ~ ___ coils/cell.
- ______ aerobe and uses only ______-chain fatty acids as ___-source
Growth on artificial media requires supplementation with 5 to 10% serum or
albumin +B1, B12, purines. (___-______)
Grows better at 30°C
Extremely sensitive to heat, light and disinfectants

Answer 3

Long, spiral, negative, hooks, one, both, axial, 2, outer, cytoplasm, 18, Strict, long, C, 5-flurouracil

Question 4

What bacterium is pictured below?

Answer 4

Leptospira

Question 5

What bacterium is pictured below?
What laboratory technique is used to view these microbes?

Answer 5

Leptospira, Darkfield microscopy

Question 6

Leptospira: Classification and Virulence
- _____ TAXONOMIC SYSTEMS:
1. One is based on _____ and _______ differences
- L. biflexa is ____-______ (____ serovars)
38 serogroups & 63 serovars
- L. interrogans is ________ (____ serovars)
23 serogroups & 212 serovars of L. interrogans (based on shared and specific
LPS antigens)
Example: Strain Ictero#1 is in serovar icterohemorrhagiae of the serogroup
icterohemorrhagiae
Serovars present in the U.S. and Canada include
* L. pomona, L. hardjo, L. canicola, L. icterohemorrhagiae L. grippotyphosa, L.
bratislava

Answer 6

TWO, virulence, antigenic non-pathogenic, all, pathogenic, all

Question 7

Leptospira Classification
- The other system is based on _______ differences
- Molecular studies have separated each species into genomospecies
- Genetically, L. interrogans has been divided into ____ genomospecies
- L. biflexa has been divided into __ species.

Answer 7

genetic, 14, 6

Question 8

Leptosira - Genetic classification
- ____ pathogenic species
alexanderi, alstonii, borgpetersenii, inadai, interrogans, fainei,
kirschneri, licerasiae, noguchi, santarosai, weilii, kmetyi, broomii, and
wolfii
* More than ____ serovars
- __ nonpathogenic species
biflexa, meyeri,, vanthielii, terpstrae, yanawgawae, and wolbachii
* More than ___ serovars

Answer 8

14, 260, 6, 60

Question 9

Leptospira: Ecology and Epidemiology
Natural reservoir is _________ of ________ tubules
May live in ________ renal tubules for _____ to _____ to ____, particularly in _____.
Following excretion in urine, may
survive for extended periods in
fresh water, soil, and mud, but ______ _________, ___ pH, or conditions of __ humidity or temperature
Serovars vary in occurrence depending on region and host species
Though not host-specific, there is host _______

Answer 9

lumen, nephritic, proximal, weeks, years, life, rodents

NOT saltwater, low, low, preference

Question 10

Common serovars in animal disease
L. kennewicki – horses
L. bratislava – horses
L. pomona – pigs, cattle, horses, skunks
L. canicola – dogs, pigs
L. icterohaemorrhagiae – dogs, cattle, pigs, rats
L. hardjo – cattle
L. grippotyphosa – dogs, wildlife (racoons, skunks)

Question 11

Leptospira - Virulence
Is _____ well understood, but ______ have shed light.
List the virulence factors:

Answer 11

Not, mutants

LPS (but at least 10-fold less toxic than E. coli)
Catalase (mutant confirmed)
Motility (axial filament; mutant confirmed)
Sphingomyelinase (hemolysin?)
Cytotoxins (protein and glycoprotein)
Ability to invade cells

LMSCCA

Question 12

Leptospira - Diseases
- Most ___________ susceptible
1. List the diseases caused by leptospira infection:
2. Dogs tend to develop ?
3. Cats ?

Answer 12

vertebrates

1. Premature birth, Abortion, Infertility, Jaundice, Agalactia, Hemoglobinuria
2. acute hemorrhagic or chronic icteric and uremic syndromes
3. rarely get clinical disease

HIAAJP

Question 13

Leptospirosis:
Clinical symptoms of Disease
General signs include: ______, _____________, _______
Cattle (acute/subacute) L. pomona
Production: abnormal milk / agalactia
Clinical: rash, intense muscle pain, gastrointestinal signs, photophobia, encephalitis, acute nephritis, hemoglobinuria
Laboratory changes: hemoglobinuria, increased _____ (?)
Chronic disease in cattle and swine: L. pomona
 abortion, stillbirth, or weak calves (L. hardjo)
Nephritis, uveitis, encephalitis, and infertility
Due to antigen-antibody complexes

Answer 13

fever, inappetence, malaise, BUN, blood urea nitrogen

Question 14

Leptospirosis in dogs
_______ forms of disease in dogs: ? ( caused by ? )
Can result in kidney failure, severe liver disease, and has been fatal following shock.

Answer 14

Three, hemorrhagic, icteric, and uremic, L. canicola & L. icterohaemorrhagiae

Question 15

Leptospira Pathogenesis
1. Bacteria enter host through a _______ or ________ __________. As few as __-__ cells can cause a fatal infection in susceptible host.
2. Enter ___________, and can persist there for up to ___ days
3. ________ _______ may be anti-phagocytic until specific antibodies are made

Answer 15

scratch, mucous membrane, 1-10, bloodstream, 10, Outer sheath

Question 16

Leptospira pathogenesis:
1. Initial replication of organism in _____ (4-20 days incubation)
2. Organisms can also infect and persist in?
3. Once they enter tissues, can cause a ________ in small vessels, ________, and fluid _______, suggesting organism (_________) or
host-mediated (________) toxic factors

Answer 16

1. liver
2. reproductive tract, kidney, brain, and eye
3. vasculitis, hemorrhage, leakage, sphingomyelinase, cytokine

Question 17

Leptospira - Pathogenesis
Hematogenous spread to lungs, brain, and _________ leads to:
Fulminating hepatic and renal disease; may lead to death
or antibodies usually clear leptospires from blood and organs except ______ where they establish a _______ STATE in the _____ of nephritc tubules with no clinical signs, particularly rodents
Causes vascular damage leading to endothelial disruption via the release
of TNFα
Bile duct occlusion and jaundice
Nephritis
In _____ animals, persistence may also
occur in uterus where they can infect
fetus resulting in abortion or weak calf

Answer 17

KIDNEYS, kidneys, CARRIER, lumen, large

Question 18

What can be seen in this image?

Answer 18

Leptospires in the lumen of nephritic tubules

Question 19

Leptospira Transmission
Transmission: _________ _____ of pathogenic Leptospires is ________ convoluted tubules of kidney in many ______ hosts
Transmission from asymptomatic carriers
Infection by exposure to contaminated ______ through ______ or _____ skin
 ___________ transmission leads to abortion and stillbirths in ? (transmission also occurs through placenta and fetus)
May also be transmitted through ____
Some serovars may be transmitted in _______ (_______) from carrier animals
Some species are adapted to specific animals and are persistent
carriers (e.g. Norway rats and serovar icterohaemorrhagiae)

Answer 19

Natural habitat, proximal, reservoir, urine, wounds, moist, Transplacental, cattle, horses, pigs, etc. milk, semen, venereal

Question 20

What microbial pathogen is pictured here? What laboratory technique is being used here?

Answer 20

Leptospira

Direct smear examination Silver impregnation staining

Question 21

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 21

Leptospira

Question 22

Leptospira: Immunity
 _______ is a major protective antigen
Early antibodies clear leptospires from _______ by opsonization, but may persist in some ________ protected from antibodies
 ________ immunity important
Ig___ and Ig__ serovar-specific antibodies
Antibodies detectable within __ to ___ days after infection
 _______ does not occur again with the same serovar
Cattle with Abs to LPS may not be protected against ______ serovar (IFNγ and a Th1 response may also be important for some serovars

Answer 22

LPS, blood, tissues, Humoral, M, G, 5, 20, Abortion, another

Question 23

Leptospira Control
Multivalent bacterin vaccines - know your _______ serovars
* Every __ months in breeding swine
* Annually in?
* ________ and _______ combination effective in outbreaks
PREVENT _________
(no bacterin contains all ____+ serovars)

Answer 23

local, 6, cattle, dogs and cats, Bacterin, antibiotic, EXPOSURE, 200

Question 24

Leptospirosis: Diagnosis
1. ________ microscopy of _____ or _____ (may be _____)
2. Serology: 4-fold titer change between _____ and _________ samples
3. ________ __________ test [may be best test] OR (2?)
4. Isolation (Fletcher’s, Ellinghausen’s or Polysorbate liquid medium)
or passage in hamsters
5-fluorouracil can be added to contaminated specimens
Growth appears as a diffuse zone, then a ring (Dinger’s ring) near
the top of the tube (strict aerobe)
FA staining of tissues
Histopathology of kidney, liver, and brain by
silver impregnation staining

Answer 24

1. Darkfield, urine, water, milk
2. acute, convalescent
3. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), ELISA, IHA
   4.

Question 25

Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris
medium
Various salts
Thiamine
Pyruvate
Glycerol
Bovine albumin
Tween 80
B12

Answer 25

do not have to know

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

Leptospirosis:
Treatment and Public Health
Ampicillin, penicillin G, ceftriaxone, (severe cases) streptomycin,
tetracycline and doxycycline (mild cases) are effective. Some
antibiotics may not eliminate spirochetes from kidney
Therapeutic and can reduce carrier state
Prophylactic
Penicillin and similar drugs may cause Jarisch-Herxheimer (endotoxic
shock) reaction, so may need to add steroids

Question 28

ZOONOSIS
*________ infection, ______ and ________ exposure
*Persons swimming in contaminated _______ at risk (especially ________)
*Weil’s disease: Acute febrile illness with jaundice, hemorrhages, pulmonary
distress, splenomegaly, nephritis, and death.
*May also present as less severe flu-like illness

Answer 28

Wound, mucosal, conjunctival, water, children

Question 29

More than ____ _________ people contract a tropical disease known as leptospirosis each year, resulting in nearly _________ deaths

Answer 29

1 million, 59,000

Question 30

What image can be seen below?

Question 31

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 31

A schematic presentation of a spirochete.
Arrow pointing to outer sheath (capsule-like properties)

Question 32

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 32

Icterus (jaundice)

Question 33

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 33

Fibrin in kidneys - lepto

Question 34

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 34

Interstitial nephritis - lepto

Question 35

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 35

Canine liver - lepto