Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bacteriology/Mycology > Week 2 - Antimicrobial Resistance > Flashcards

Week 2 - Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major purposes of antimicrobial prescriptions?

What are the consequences of some of these purposes?

A
  1. Therapeutics - if an individual is sick, treat the patient to cure.
  2. Metaphylactics - if one patient is noticed in a herd, treat the whole herd to control its spread.
  3. Prophylactics - seasonal prescription of drug to prevent the most susceptible population within a herd.

The consequences of 2 & 3 –> Antimicrobial overuse in intensive farms (pigs & poultry), dry cow therapy, and shipping of animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antimicrobialswasusedfor?

A

Growth promotion. Increases weight gain by up to 15-20%. Banned in the EU in 2006, USA in 2016.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Understanding the routes of AMR bacteria ______, why and how AMR spreads in _____, _______, ____ bodies, ____, and _____ helps for controlling its spread.

A

mobility, animals, environment, water, food, humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unregulated use of antimicrobials in animal or humans leads to _______ ______.

A

AMR bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Use of _____ (or _____) contained with AMR bacteria as fertilizer –> ?

A

feces, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

________ containing the AMR bacteria from feces –> ?

A

Food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

AMR bacteria spread to the public via _____ and ____.

A

food, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AMR Morbidity
___ ________ people in the US.

A

2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AMR Mortality
__-____ ______ people worldwide.

A

1-27 million
Usually affects the most immune-susceptible people (children, elderly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Projected AMR Mortality annually by 2050?

A

10 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Projected total global economic cost of AMR by 2050= ?

A

$100 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the plankton life stage as depicted below

A
  1. Attachment (e.g. flagella)
  2. Immobile/Sessile growth
  3. Biofilm maturation = hibernation
  4. Dispersal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacteria are classified into 5 major groups by their ____ _____ architecture.

A

cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the cell wall architecture of a classic Gram positive bacterium.

A

Several layers (tiers) of peptidoglycan with lipo/teichoic acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the cell wall architecture of a Mycobacterium.

A

Mycobacterium peptidoglycan is covered by mycolic acid (wax or lipids).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the cell wall architecture of a Classic Gram - bacterium.

A

Outer membrane (OM) made up of proteins and lipopoylsaccharide (lipid A and sugar or endotoxin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the cell wall architecture of Chlamydia.

A

Cell wall with either tiny OR no peptidoglycan. OM with proteins and lipopolysaccharide (lipid A and sugar or endotoxin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the cell wall architecture of Mycoplasma.

A

No cell wall, steroids in cell membrane.
Can’t destroy cell wall with penicillin?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biofilms are a dense community of ______.

A

bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Info for this slide

A

Bacteria have differnt enzymes that synthesize the cell wall, such as peptidase, ribosomes, polymerases, etc.
Folic acid = only exists in bacteria
pilli = methin conjugation
porins = pore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of antimicrobials?

A
  1. Cell wall synthesis
  2. Metabolism – folic acid synthesis
  3. 30S – protein synthesis
  4. 50S – protein synthesis
  5. RNA polymerase – mRNA
  6. DNA gyrase/topoisomerase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

There are compounds tht inhibit or destroy the enzymes of bacteria; cell wall synthesizing enzyme penicilin binding protein is inactivated by beta ,actans such as pencilins, cephalo, etc.

Ribosomes of bacteria also attack bacteria using tetracyclines, mycol, etc.

RNA polymeas of bacteria is ianctivated by flrifancyins

DNA poly are ianctivated by fluoro and nitro

Folic acid is inhibited by sulfonamides

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bacteria are versatile to survive in nature and immediately acquire AMR to ____ _______.

A

new antimicrobials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the four AMR mechanisms?

A
  1. Reduced permeability
  2. Efflux pumping (vomiting).
  3. Drug inactivation by enzymes
  4. Target site change, modification, or protection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______ formation is also a mechanism of AMR in addition to the four major AMR mechanisms.

A

Biofilm,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Biofilms limit uptake, aka _______ ________ which leads to:

  1. Induced ________ ______ (matrix) production as a barrier.
  2. Thick _________ communities as a barrier
  3. Low ______ & _______ supply to the center
  4. _______ _____-like cell in the ______ for persistence
A

decrease permeability, extracellular polymer, impenetrable, nutrient, oxygen, Dormant, spore, center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Of the 4 AMR mechanisms, the most efficient AMR mechanism varies with __________ ______.

A

antimicrobial type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Notes on this slide

A

Bacteria can use all possible strategies simultaneously to survive. Not all strategies are equally efficient. Some are more efficient than others. E.g. Tetracycline = about 70-80% of the tetracyclines are inactivated or made useless by resistant bacteria by efflux pumping.

20-30% remaining are either killed by enzymatic degradation, changing target site, or restriction/reducing permeability.

Majority of antimicrobials, like chloramphenicols, bacteria changes target site or hides it.

Beta lactams and amon = major mechanism if by enzymatic degradation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

AMR mechanism to beta-lactams may vary slightly between ____ vs. ____.

A

G+, G-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gram positive (uptake _____) leads to a change in the _______ ____ of beta-lactams (mutation of ______/____).

A

SCC, binding site, peptidase, PBP

resist beta lactam by changing binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Gram negative (uptake of _____ &/or _____ ________) leads to beta-lactamase ______ production.

A

ESBL, carba plasmids, enzyme
Resist beta lacta by enzymatic degradation

32
Q

What are some examples of beta-lactam inactivating enzymes that are transmitted by plasmids (ESBL and carbamenenmases)?

A

In gram negatives, there are two major enzymes that are very dominants in inactivating drugs (extended spectrum beta lactadasees) = inactivate microbials listed below).
Up to 40% of gram negative, aprticualrly enterobacteria, have resistance against these.

Carbapenams was created because of AMR. Such as ertapenem, imi, etc. Bacteria developed a new strategy to overcome this; they made an enzyme called carbapenamse; engulf plasmid and use it and secerete ezymes KPC, etc. When bacteria get carbapenemase, they are super dangerous because they are multi drug resistant to all betalactans including penicilins, etc. The option is to shift to tetracyclines, etc.

33
Q

The origin of AMR in the ecosystem is from ______ and _______ transfer of AMR _____.

A

vertical, horizontal, genes

34
Q

Acquired gene resistance via Horizontal gene transfer –> (3)

A

Free DNA in nature (transformation), Plasmid (conjugation), Bacteriophage (transduction).

35
Q

Vertical gene transfer –> (1)?

A

intrinsic
E.g.Mycoplasma (no cell wall) –> resistant to antimicrobials acting on cell wall (beta lactams = penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem, monobactum).

36
Q

What organizations established the guidelines for AMR detection by phenotypic methods?

A
  1. Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute
    (CLSI), USA
  2. European Committee on Antimicrobial
    Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) or
  3. International Standardization Organization (ISO)
37
Q

notes from this slide

A

Do we need to know the bacteria?

38
Q

The following six bacteria species, termed as ESKAPE are famous in AMR globally

A
  1. Enterococcus
  2. S. aureus
  3. K. pneumoniae
  4. A. baumannii
  5. P. aeruginosa
  6. Enterobacter
39
Q

Which bacteria can be isolated in mannitol salt agar?

A
  1. Staphylococcus,
  2. Enterococcus,
  3. Listeria
  4. Micrococcaceae
40
Q

Which bacteria can be isolated in Edward media?

A
  1. Streptococcus
  2. Enterococcus
41
Q

Which bacteria can be isolated in Kenner-fecal agar media?

A

Enterococcus (selective media)

42
Q

Which bacteria can be isolated in MacConkey Agar?

A
  1. Enterobacteriaceae
  2. Enterococcus
43
Q

What are the types of Media that can be used for aerobic vs. anaerobic bacteria for screening isolates for AMR?

A
  1. Broth (liquid media)
  2. Agar (solid media)

depending on what you are trying to isolate

44
Q

What are the types of Media that can be used for aerobic bacteria for screening isolates for AMR?

A
  1. Cation-adjusted mueller-hinton broth
  2. Cation-adjusted mueller-hinton agar

Fastidious bacteria requires 3-5% of lysed horse blood.

45
Q

What are the types of Media that can be used for anaerobic bacteria for screening isolates for AMR?

A
  1. Brucella broth + 5 micrograms/ml hemin, micrograms/ml vitamin K and 5% lysed horse blood
  2. Brucella agar + 5 micrograms/ml hemin, micrograms/ml vitamin K and 5% lysed horse blood
46
Q
A
47
Q

Describe the disc diffusion AMR detection method

A

solid media format
qualitative method
1. E.g. ampicillin - immerse it in 10 microgram of antimicrobial, then put on bacterai already on agar, For cephatoxin - use 30 microgrm of microbial then incubate

48
Q

Describe the E test AMR detection method

A

solid media format
Quantitative method
A strip impregnated with a drug on solid media

49
Q

Describe the agar dilution AMR detection method

A

solid media format
quantitative method
agar dilution on solid media

Add concentrations of ampicillin to agar media
Start at 4 and go up

50
Q

Describe the macrodilution AMR detection method

A

liquid media format

51
Q

Microdilution

A
52
Q

What is the standardized protocol for AMR testing for nonfastidious fast growing aerobic bacteria in 16-20 hours?

A
53
Q

What is the standardized protocol for fastidious aerobic bacteria?

A

(Campylobacter, Erysipelothrix, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Listeria,Neisseria, Pasteurella, and Streptococcus)

Same number of bacteria to innoculate the different media type, but incubation is different - time is longer and temp is longer and suffocate with CO2.

54
Q

What is the standardized protocol for anaerobic bacteria ?

A

(Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium)
Use brucella agar or broth media

55
Q

The guidelines instruct to include ________ ________ ______ reference bacteria strains for quality control.

A

genetically stable, known

56
Q

Quality control during survey on beta-lactamases-
producing bacteria

A

 E.coliATCC 35218
 KlebsiellapneumoniaeATCC 700603
 KlebsiellapneumoniaeATCC BAA-1705 or BAA-2814
 AcinectobacterbaumanniiNCTC 13304

57
Q

Quality control for testing bacteria of bioterrorism

A

 E.coliATCC 25922
 Staphylococcus aureusATCC 29213

58
Q

Quality control for non-fastidious bacteria for agar/broth (MIC)

A

 E.coliATCC 25922
 PseudomonaaeruginosaATCC 27853
 EnterobacterfaecalisATCC 259212
 Staphylococcus aureusATCC 29213

59
Q

Invalidate the test if there is no _____ & ____ growth of the quality control strains or their cut-off value inhibition zone by ____ or ____ is not ____ the range defined by CLSI, EUCAST or ISO

A

viable, pure, disk, MIC, within

60
Q

MIC cut off values of most antimicrobials ranges between?

A

0.5 to 64 micrograms/ml

61
Q

You should test against a several antimicrobials that you use in your state or farm/clinic because?

A

You cannot do the AMR testing for all of the antimicrobials on the market.

62
Q

Consult CLSI manual for interpretation of the disk diffusion inhibition zone diameter (mm) and MIC (µl/ml) of your isolate.

A

Ampicillin, found isolate has a diamter of 17 mm means ampicillin killed isolate, if less than 13 = isolate is resistant.

63
Q

Describe the steps of the disk diffusion test protcol.

A
64
Q

Describe the disk diffusion method for detection of ESBL-producing bacteria.

A
65
Q

Describe the disk diffusion method for detection of carbapenemase-producing bacteria.

A
66
Q

Surveillance is defined as a ______ survey to measure in the ______, _____, ____, _____, etc.

A

periodic, population, food, feed, water

67
Q

Describe how surveillance can be used to control AMR on farm, national, and global level(s)

A
  1. Survey on drug use pattern and prioritize the different drugs for use.
  2. Develop and use faster diagnostic testing of AMR
  3. Survey regularly antimicrobial resistance patterns in pathogens.
68
Q

Describe how education can be used to reduce the spread of AMR.

A

Educate expertise for reducing drug use in animals and regulate, monitor, and evaluate if the drug use is as per the set priority.

69
Q

Therapeutic use of antibiotics is defined as using antibiotics only to treat _____ individuals with a ______ dose, ______, and ______.

A

sick, required, duration, frequency

70
Q

Metaphylactic use is defined as using antibiotics to treat an ____ herd/flock if you observe ____ sick ________.

A

entire, one, individual

71
Q

Prophylactic use is defined as blanket ______ use if there is ___ sick animal.

A

seasonal, no

72
Q

What are some alternatives to antibiotic usage for animals?

A
  1. Improve animal husbandry and nutrition
  2. Use vaccines and invest in new vaccine development
  3. New antimicrobial discoveries
  4. Phage therapy.
73
Q

Bacteria use at least 4 mechanisms for AMR - name these four mechanisms.

A

porin, binding site, enzyme, and pumping

74
Q

Bacteria can acquire AMR genes from at least 4 sources - name these sources.

A

plasmid, phage, free DNA, & parents

75
Q

Testing of isolates for AMR can be done by 5 culture based assays - name these assays.

A

Disc diffusion, E-test, agar dilution, macrodilution, and microdilution
• PCR, whole genome sequencing, serology can also be used to detect AMR

76
Q

AMR may be controlled by 6 broad interventions -
name these interventions.

A

judicious drug use, surveillance, diagnosis, discoveries, collaborations, & policy/practice change

Bacteriology/Mycology (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions