Week 3 - Enteropathogenic Clostridia Flashcards
Clostridia exotoxins induce ______ tissue _______ and _______ effects –> ______.
local, necrosis, systemic, LETHAL
Clostridia is present in _____ as ______ _____ (muscle and liver)
tissue, latent spores
Can live there for a long time until they find an anaerobic condition. Once found, start to produce spores.
Clostridia endospores are widely distributed in the ________ and persist for long periods in ____.
environment, soil
Endogenous infections vs. Exogenous infections
Endogenous = spore is ingested
- spore is located in liver or muscle and from there can develop the disease.
- most common form of infection.
- See graph for pathogenesis
Exogenous = bacteria infects wound present in animal.
What are the main species of clostridium?
What species is mainly affected by clostridium?
Main species of clostridium are chauvoei, speticum, novyi type A, perfringens type A, sordellii, novyi Type B, and haemolyctiucum
Ruminants are mainly affected.
C. chauvoei causes what disease?
Blackleg in cattle and sheep
C. septicum causes what disease?
Malignant edema in cattle, pigs, and sheep. Abomasitis in sheep (braxy) and occasionally in calves.
C. novyi type A causes what disease?
“Big head” in young rams. Wound infections.
C. perfringens-type A causes what disease?
Gas gangrene. Necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in chickens, necrotizing enterocolitis in pigs.
C. sordelli causes what disease?
Myositis in cattle, sheep, and horses. Abomasitis in lambs.
C. novyi type B causes what disease?
Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in sheep and occasionally cattle.
C. haemolyticum causes what disease?
Bacilary haemoglobinuria in cattle and occasionally in sheep.
What is this an image of?
Common test used in order to evaluate Alpha Lecithinase toxin.
Quick
Egg yolk agar with a control (C. sporogenes) and the positive reaction = degraded into chemical compound. Lecithinase breaks down lecithin in egg yolk and produces diglyceride and phosphorylcholine. Whitish precipitate is produced when bacteria ? or lecithin positive.
Half contains an Ab against toxin (Lecithinase) and there is no degradation.
What is this an image of?
Disease mainly affects big areas of the animals where the muscles are big aka the legs. hence why it is called black leg.
What is this an image of?
Lesion on bottom right is chracteriatic of black leg.
Dark discoloration of muscle aka necrosis? reall? isn’t it hemorrhage.
What is this an image of?
Black holes
Emphysema
Necropsy: Necrosis of muscles/ dark discoloration, emphysema usually in larger muscles of the body. Clostridium produces gas. You can also see edematous fluid that’s hemorrhagic.
This is C. chauvoei, causing black leg in cattle
What is this an image of?
Fluid stained with blood
Edema
Lesions are located in muscles.
Necropsy: Necrosis of muscles/ dark discoloration, emphysema usually in larger muscles of the body. Clostridium produces gas. You can also see edematous fluid that’s hemorrhagic.
This is C. chauvoei, causing black leg in cattle.
What is this an image of?
Can be produced by a group of clostriudum
Farmer accidentally punctured cow’s skin. –> Exogenous infection
What is this an image of?
Cause is likely one of the 5 clostridia that causes malignant edema. These are signs of malignant edema
What is this an image of?
Fluid in lesions stained with blood
Cause is likely one of the 5 clostridia that causes malignant edema. These are signs of malignant edema
A farmer accidentally punctured the skin with a fork trying to get the cow up. What is likely causing the pathology in these images? What is another name for this condition?
Cause is likely one of the 5 clostridia that causes malignant edema. These are signs of malignant edema
What is this an image of?
Braxy in sheep produced by : Clostridium septicum
Abomasum on top; hemorrhagic
Ulcerative on bottom
Braxy, Clostridium septicemia-> hemorrhagic, abomasum -> ulcerated
What is this an image of?
Clostridium novyi
Black disease
Associated with Fasciola hepatica (liver parasite)
Spores live in the liver. When parasites produce lesions in liver, produces anaerobic condition. Spores start to produce disease here under these conditions.
A= full stomach and gas bubbles in the liver.
B = liver is uniformly infiltrated with gas bubbles, presenting a spongy appearance on the cut surface, probably the most distinguishing feature of sudden death in sows caused by clostridum novyi.
What is this an image of?
Clostridium novyi type B infection
“bubbles”
Clostridium haemolyticum
Common name?
Bacillary haemoglobinuria
RBCs are completely destroyed or a high number of them are destroyed in blood circulation and release Hb content. This Hb content, can not be metabolized and eliminated.
Kidney starts to excrete Hb and the Hb stains the urne.
What is this an image of?
Clostridium haemolyticum
Bacillary haemoglobinuria
Yellow color or pale of gum and eye sclera (jaundice/iceteric) with pinpoint red blood spots (petechia).
What is this an image of?
Clostridium haemolyticum
Urinary bladder is full of urine stained with Hb.
Immunological Aspects of Clostridium Haemolyticum:
Circulating antibody to ________ and ________ components determines ________.
toxins, cellular, resistance
Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium haemolyticum:
• ___________ of infected tissue smears
• Sporulated gram _______ ___
• Isolation requisites:
• Strict ________ conditions
• Culture medium rich in _______ and ______-soluble ______;
• What tissue can you add to make media richer? ______
• Detection in tissue or identification in culture can be done by
molecular methods (_____)
• ______ and other genes ____-_____ DNA spacer regions
Immunofluorescence, positive, rods, anaerobic, cysteine, water, vitamins, Liver, PCR, Flagellin, 16S-23S
How would you treat and control Clostridia?
• Treatment is often _______
• Intravenous ______
• Cattle are vaccinated at what age?
• Vaccination should ______ exposure by at least __ ______.
• Pregnant ewes are vaccinated ___ _____ prior to ______
• ______ may require vaccination during their first year
• Change of ______ is advisable when cases are _____ observed
disappointing, penicillin, 3-6 months, precede, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, parturition, Lambs, pasture, first
Enteropathogenic/Enterotoxaemia producing clostridia:
• Clostridium present and replicate in ____ ______.
• Clostridium produce _____
• Toxins can produce _____ and ________ effects/damage
• Produce disease only in defined circumstances, usually related to ____.
• Clostridium perfringens type ?
GI tract, toxins, local, generalized, diet, A, B, C, D, and E.
Factors which predispose to the development of enterotoxaemias associated with Clostridium perfringens in sheep:
- Low _________ activity in the neonatal intestine:
- Presence of _______ _______ in colostrum
- Low level of _______ secretion - Incomplete establishment of normal ______ _____ in neonates
- ________ influences in older animals:
- ______ change to a ____ diet
- Gorging on ____-____ diet
- Intestinal ________, a consequence of overeating
proteolytic, trypsin inhibitors, pancreatic, intestinal flora, Dietary, Abrupt, rich, energy-rich, hypomotility
Type A is characterized by ______ _____ in chickens, _______ ______ in pigs, and canine _________ ________.
necrotic enteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
Type B is characterized by lamb _______, ________ ______ in calves and foals.
dysentery, hemorrhagic enteritis
Type C is characterized by “_____” in adult sheep, sudden _____ in goats and feedlot cattle, _______ ______ in chickens, _______ _____ in neonatal piglets, foals, calves, and lambs.
Struck, death, necrotic enteritis, hemorrhagic enteritis
Type D is characterized by _____ ______ in sheep, _______ in calves, adult goats and kids.
pulpy, kidney, entertoxemia
Type E is characterized by ________ _____ in calves, ______ in rabbits.
hemorrhagic enteritis, enteritis
Enterotoxemia (Type A)
• Tissue _______
- ________ _____ toxins and ______ tissue toxins
• Diseases
• Outbreaks of _____ and ________ diseases of ruminants
- known as _____ ____ diseases
• ______ ______ in cattle, horses and infant _____
• Necrotic enteritis in _____
• ______ hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
• _____ ________ in humans
• _______-associated diarrheas
- E.g. ?
destruction, Membrane active, connective, gastritis, hemolytic, Yellow lamb, Hemorrhagic enteritis, alpacas, poultry, Canine, Food poisoning, Antibiotic, when we provide patients with antibiotics, eliminating normal flora -> opportunity for infection.
___-_______, __________ ___ and ______ are important!!!
α-TOXIN, perfringlolysin, O, enterotoxins
What can be seen here?
Enterotoxemia (Type A)
Hemorrhagic lesions in abomasum
Hemorrhagic abomasitis
What can be seen here?
Enterotoxemia (Type A)
Good association with coccidia co-infection!!!! in chickens
Necrotic areas on intestine
What can be seen here?
Necrotizing and emphysematous abomasitis in a young calf caused by type A C. perfringens
Necrosis on mucus of abomasum
What can be seen here?
Necrotic enteritis caused by type A C. perfringens in a chicken.
Necrotic enteritis and hemorrhagic enteritis by Type A
Enterotoxemia (Type B)
• ____ ______ diseases (_______ and some regions in ____)
• Causes _____ ______ in newborn lambs b/c they have absence of normal _______ in intestine.
• Absence of ________ ______ in the neonatal intestine
• Low ________ activity in the neonatal intestine b/c ______ enzymes damage proteins in the _______ OR in case of protection ______ from colostrum.
• ___-____ is the principal factor producing hemorrhagic enteritis in
small intestine
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO ______!!!
• Signs include ?
• Course is _____
• Mortality rates approaching ___%
Old world, Europe, Asia, lamb dysentery, microflora, microbial, competition, proteolytic, proteolytic, colostrum, Antibodies, β-toxin, TRYPSIN, depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, rapid, 100
What can be seen here?
Gross appearance of Large and small intestine from lab that died from neonatal enteritis caused by C. perfringens type B.
Dark red, contained increased gas.
What can be seen here?
Pericardial sac of lamb that was suspected to have died due to enteric toxin production by C. perfringens type B.
pericardial sac where you can see it has been ligated with fluid and fibrin clots
Enterotoxemia (Type C)
• ______ calves, ____, _____ and _____ worldwide
• Absence of established ______ intestinal ____
• Causes _______ ______.
• __-____ is the principal virulence factor
• ______ inhibitors in colostrum favors its action
• Signs include ?
• Course is rapid and mortality ____%
Neonatal, foals, piglets, lambs, normal, flora, hemorrhagic enteritis, β-toxin, Protease, depression, anorexia, abdominal pain,
and diarrhea, ~100
What can be seen here?
porcine necrotic enteritis caused by Enterotoxemia (Type C)
What can be seen here?
hemorrhagic enteritis in a piglet caused by C. perfringens Type C
What can be seen here?
Diffuse hemorrhagic and necrotizing enteritis caused by C. perfringens Type C
Enterotoxemia (Type C )
• “_____” in _____ sheep (Europe)
• Often rapidly fatal ______-______
• Alpha, beta and _________ ____ toxins
• ______ toxin plays the main role
• Impression that the animal has been struck by _______!!!!!
Struck, older, toxemia-bacteremia, perfringolysin O, Beta, lightning
Enterotoxemia Type D
Enterotoxemia in older _____ (<___ _____ and sometimes in ____
and _____
• _______ diseases
• ______ _____ disease
• Diseases often follows upsets in the gut _____
• Abrupt change to a ___ diet
• Gorging on _____-____ diet
• Intestinal _____-_____, a consequence of overeating
• ______ toxin
• Increases intestinal ________, causes ______ damages, _____ losses, ____
• Has effects in ____ –> ?
trypsin activates epsilon toxin, lambs, 1 year), goats, calves, Overeating, Pulpy kidney, flora, rich, energy-rich, hypo-motility, Epsilon, permeability, vascular, fluid, edema, CNS, Encephalomalacia
Increases intestinal permeability, causes vascular damages, fluid losses, edema –> predilection for ?
older animals, - activated by trypsin
What is this an image of?
Pulpy kidney
makes kidney very soft due to epislon toxin
What is this an image of?
Pulpy kidney changes in kidney at necropsy associated with autolysis of epsilon-toxin-damaged kidney tissue.
Right kidney is the one that is infected, compared to the left.
Pulpy kidney
Pulpy kidney in sheep causes _____ _____ with few or no symptoms,
and a mostly negative ____ _____ except for the rapid breakdown of
the ______ tissue (insert)
- _______ is one of the few findings
acute deaths, post mortem, kidney, Glycosuria
What does this image show?
Enterotoemia - Type D
Extension of neck backward; brain is affected producing encephalomelacia
What does this image show?
Encephalomalacia associated with C. perfringens type D enterotoxemia
What does this image show?
focal ulcerative fibrinonecrotic ileitis in goat dueto enterotoxemia type D
Enterotoxemia (Type D)
Immunological Aspects
• Immunity is ______-mediated and correlates with ________ levels
• ______ and _____ immunization is important in control of diseases
antibody, anti-toxin, Passive, active
Enterotoxemia (Type D) - Laboratory Diagnosis
• _____-motile and produces a ________ capsule in tissue
• _____ are rarely demonstrated in exudates; normally _____ see _____ in samples
• Isolation in _____ in _______ environments
• If sample obtained from contaminated tissue (_______) the spores will
survive heating at ____°C for ___ min; then all bacteria that can not survive this temperature will ?
Non, polysaccharide, Spores, can’t, spores, BA, anaerobic, intestine, 80, 15, ?
What can be seen here?
The colonies are small to medium sized and typically grey
to grey-yellow and translucent.
Some are smooth and dome-shaped with an entire
margin, whilst others are rough with a lobate margin, still
others are flat with an irregular surface and a filamentous
margin.
Clostridium perfringens is non-proteolytic and is not
associated with a distinct odour.
This culture has been incubated anaerobically.
What can be seen here?
The same Blood Agar plate examined with
transmitted light.
Colonies are surrounded by a double-zone
hemolysis, which consists of an inner clear
zone and an outer hazy zone.
Laboratory Diagnosis? C. perfringens Type D.
• Diagnostic features include:
• Alpha toxin-associated hemolytic activity (Hot-cold lysis) (Hot = incubate RBC in 37degrees or ? 4 degrees)
• Positive CAMP test with S. agalactiae –> glowing of bacteria?
• Alpha toxin of C. perfringens
• In cases of enterotoxemia
• Giemsa, Gram stains reveal Gram-positive rods
• Molecular diagnosis (PCR)
• Injection of toxins from small intestine in mice
• Serology
• ELISA (Cpe) to ID Ab.
When looking at sample isolations of c. perfringens, what would you see that is called stormy milk?
Stormy fermentation
Clotting of milk followed by gaseous disruption bubbles on surface b/c bac produce gas.
How do you treat cases of enterotoxemia type D?
• Most causes of enterotoxemia are too acute for
successful treatment
• Antitoxin of appropriate type may be given to sick
animals and those at risk
• Protection last for 2-3 weeks
Clostridium difficile
Gram- _______, _____, _____, ____-forming
anaerobic ___
• Significant cause of _____ diseases in humans
• ______-associated diarrhea
• Pseudomembranous ______
• Isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs, cats and horses
positive, motile, encapsulated, spore, rod
diarrheal, Antibiotic, colitis
Clostridium difficile toxins
• Toxin A (Tox A or TcdA)
• ENTEROTOXIN
• Breakdown of cytoskeletal components of the affected
cell
• Disruption of the tight junctions between intestinal
epithelial cells
• RESULTS IN CELL DEATH
• Stimulates influx of polymorphonuclear cells
• Synthesis of prostaglandins
• RESULTS in secretion of chloride ions and water (Diarrhea)
Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile
What can be seen in this image?
Equine colitis caused by C. difficile
Cecum is necrotic and hemorrhagic
What can be seen in this image?
Mesocolonic edema in pigs caused by C. difficile
What is seen in this image? What is this presentation classic for?
Position of fibrin and necrotic tissue is classic for c.diff.
What can be seen in this image?
Inflammatory reaction (close up of previous image)
Characteristic plaque seen ( black arrow) overlying intact intestinal mucosa) H& E stain
What are the immunological aspects of C. Difficile? What are potential lab diagnostics that can be preformed?
Immunologic Aspects
* Antitoxin
* Orally administered antitoxin (bovine) is protective for humans
Laboratory Diagnosis
* Molecular diagnosis (PCR) and Immunological based tests
from feces samples
* Can be isolated by using selective medium
* Cycloserine, cefoxitin, and fructose agar (CCFA)
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Molecular diagnosis (PCR) and Immunological based tests
from feces samples
• Can be isolated by using selective medium containing antibiotics such as: Cycloserine, cefoxitin, and fructose agar (CCFA)
Treatment and Control
• Diarrhea associated C. difficile responds rapidly to _______ (wide spectrum ______)
• Resistance exists (Alternative antibiotic: ______)
• No ______ available
• In humans: ______ can be useful in preventing the diseases
• In hospitals:
• ______ _____ by health care personnel is a very efficient
mechanism for curtailing spread
• ______ are not effective against the spore
metronidazole, antibiotic, vancomycin, vaccines, probiotics, Hand washing, Disinfectants
C. piliforme is
an _____ fatal ______ diseases of laboratory ____ with ____ liver necrosis
(______ diseases)
• Also in what other species?
• High _____ events
acute, diarrheal, mice, focal, Tyzzer’s, foals, rabbits, hares, gerbils, rats, hamsters, muskrats, dogs, cats, snow
leopards, and rhesus monkeys, mortality
C. sordellii
• Fatal _____ and ______ diseases in ruminants and _____
myositis, hepatic, horses
C. colinum
• Causes _____ disease, ______ enteritis and necrotizing _____ of
several species of ____
quail, ulcerative, hepatitis, fowl
C. spiroforme
• _____ enteritis ( _______ enteritis) in rabbits
• ______ induced enteritis in rabbits
Juvenile, mucoid, Antibiotic
