Week 3 - Enteropathogenic Clostridia Flashcards
Clostridia exotoxins induce ______ tissue _______ and _______ effects –> ______.
local, necrosis, systemic, LETHAL
Clostridia is present in _____ as ______ _____ (muscle and liver)
tissue, latent spores
Can live there for a long time until they find an anaerobic condition. Once found, start to produce spores.
Clostridia endospores are widely distributed in the ________ and persist for long periods in ____.
environment, soil
Endogenous infections vs. Exogenous infections
Endogenous = spore is ingested
- spore is located in liver or muscle and from there can develop the disease.
- most common form of infection.
- See graph for pathogenesis
Exogenous = bacteria infects wound present in animal.
What are the main species of clostridium?
What species is mainly affected by clostridium?
Main species of clostridium are chauvoei, speticum, novyi type A, perfringens type A, sordellii, novyi Type B, and haemolyctiucum
Ruminants are mainly affected.
C. chauvoei causes what disease?
Blackleg in cattle and sheep
C. septicum causes what disease?
Malignant edema in cattle, pigs, and sheep. Abomasitis in sheep (braxy) and occasionally in calves.
C. novyi type A causes what disease?
“Big head” in young rams. Wound infections.
C. perfringens-type A causes what disease?
Gas gangrene. Necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis in chickens, necrotizing enterocolitis in pigs.
C. sordelli causes what disease?
Myositis in cattle, sheep, and horses. Abomasitis in lambs.
C. novyi type B causes what disease?
Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in sheep and occasionally cattle.
C. haemolyticum causes what disease?
Bacilary haemoglobinuria in cattle and occasionally in sheep.
What is this an image of?
Common test used in order to evaluate Alpha Lecithinase toxin.
Quick
Egg yolk agar with a control (C. sporogenes) and the positive reaction = degraded into chemical compound. Lecithinase breaks down lecithin in egg yolk and produces diglyceride and phosphorylcholine. Whitish precipitate is produced when bacteria ? or lecithin positive.
Half contains an Ab against toxin (Lecithinase) and there is no degradation.
What is this an image of?
Disease mainly affects big areas of the animals where the muscles are big aka the legs. hence why it is called black leg.
What is this an image of?
Lesion on bottom right is chracteriatic of black leg.
Dark discoloration of muscle aka necrosis? reall? isn’t it hemorrhage.
What is this an image of?
Black holes
Emphysema
Necropsy: Necrosis of muscles/ dark discoloration, emphysema usually in larger muscles of the body. Clostridium produces gas. You can also see edematous fluid that’s hemorrhagic.
This is C. chauvoei, causing black leg in cattle
What is this an image of?
Fluid stained with blood
Edema
Lesions are located in muscles.
Necropsy: Necrosis of muscles/ dark discoloration, emphysema usually in larger muscles of the body. Clostridium produces gas. You can also see edematous fluid that’s hemorrhagic.
This is C. chauvoei, causing black leg in cattle.
What is this an image of?
Can be produced by a group of clostriudum
Farmer accidentally punctured cow’s skin. –> Exogenous infection
What is this an image of?
Cause is likely one of the 5 clostridia that causes malignant edema. These are signs of malignant edema
What is this an image of?
Fluid in lesions stained with blood
Cause is likely one of the 5 clostridia that causes malignant edema. These are signs of malignant edema
A farmer accidentally punctured the skin with a fork trying to get the cow up. What is likely causing the pathology in these images? What is another name for this condition?
Cause is likely one of the 5 clostridia that causes malignant edema. These are signs of malignant edema
What is this an image of?
Braxy in sheep produced by : Clostridium septicum
Abomasum on top; hemorrhagic
Ulcerative on bottom
Braxy, Clostridium septicemia-> hemorrhagic, abomasum -> ulcerated
What is this an image of?
Clostridium novyi
Black disease
Associated with Fasciola hepatica (liver parasite)
Spores live in the liver. When parasites produce lesions in liver, produces anaerobic condition. Spores start to produce disease here under these conditions.
A= full stomach and gas bubbles in the liver.
B = liver is uniformly infiltrated with gas bubbles, presenting a spongy appearance on the cut surface, probably the most distinguishing feature of sudden death in sows caused by clostridum novyi.
What is this an image of?
Clostridium novyi type B infection
“bubbles”
Clostridium haemolyticum
Common name?
Bacillary haemoglobinuria
RBCs are completely destroyed or a high number of them are destroyed in blood circulation and release Hb content. This Hb content, can not be metabolized and eliminated.
Kidney starts to excrete Hb and the Hb stains the urne.
What is this an image of?
Clostridium haemolyticum
Bacillary haemoglobinuria
Yellow color or pale of gum and eye sclera (jaundice/iceteric) with pinpoint red blood spots (petechia).
What is this an image of?
Clostridium haemolyticum
Urinary bladder is full of urine stained with Hb.
Immunological Aspects of Clostridium Haemolyticum:
Circulating antibody to ________ and ________ components determines ________.
toxins, cellular, resistance
Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium haemolyticum:
• ___________ of infected tissue smears
• Sporulated gram _______ ___
• Isolation requisites:
• Strict ________ conditions
• Culture medium rich in _______ and ______-soluble ______;
• What tissue can you add to make media richer? ______
• Detection in tissue or identification in culture can be done by
molecular methods (_____)
• ______ and other genes ____-_____ DNA spacer regions
Immunofluorescence, positive, rods, anaerobic, cysteine, water, vitamins, Liver, PCR, Flagellin, 16S-23S
How would you treat and control Clostridia?
• Treatment is often _______
• Intravenous ______
• Cattle are vaccinated at what age?
• Vaccination should ______ exposure by at least __ ______.
• Pregnant ewes are vaccinated ___ _____ prior to ______
• ______ may require vaccination during their first year
• Change of ______ is advisable when cases are _____ observed
disappointing, penicillin, 3-6 months, precede, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, parturition, Lambs, pasture, first
Enteropathogenic/Enterotoxaemia producing clostridia:
• Clostridium present and replicate in ____ ______.
• Clostridium produce _____
• Toxins can produce _____ and ________ effects/damage
• Produce disease only in defined circumstances, usually related to ____.
• Clostridium perfringens type ?
GI tract, toxins, local, generalized, diet, A, B, C, D, and E.
Factors which predispose to the development of enterotoxaemias associated with Clostridium perfringens in sheep:
- Low _________ activity in the neonatal intestine:
- Presence of _______ _______ in colostrum
- Low level of _______ secretion - Incomplete establishment of normal ______ _____ in neonates
- ________ influences in older animals:
- ______ change to a ____ diet
- Gorging on ____-____ diet
- Intestinal ________, a consequence of overeating
proteolytic, trypsin inhibitors, pancreatic, intestinal flora, Dietary, Abrupt, rich, energy-rich, hypomotility
What can be seen here?
Enterotoxemia (Type A)
Hemorrhagic lesions in abomasum
Hemorrhagic abomasitis
What can be seen here?
Enterotoxemia (Type A)
Good association with coccidia co-infection!!!! in chickens
Necrotic areas on intestine
What can be seen here?
Necrotizing and emphysematous abomasitis in a young calf caused by type A C. perfringens
Necrosis on mucus of abomasum
What can be seen here?
Necrotic enteritis caused by type A C. perfringens in a chicken.
Necrotic enteritis and hemorrhagic enteritis by Type A
What can be seen here?
Gross appearance of Large and small intestine from lab that died from neonatal enteritis caused by C. perfringens type B.
Dark red, contained increased gas.
What can be seen here?
Pericardial sac of lamb that was suspected to have died due to enteric toxin production by C. perfringens type B.
pericardial sac where you can see it has been ligated with fluid and fibrin clots
What can be seen here?
porcine necrotic enteritis caused by Enterotoxemia (Type C)
What can be seen here?
hemorrhagic enteritis in a piglet caused by C. perfringens Type C
What can be seen here?
Diffuse hemorrhagic and necrotizing enteritis caused by C. perfringens Type C
What is this an image of?
Pulpy kidney
makes kidney very soft due to epislon toxin
What is this an image of?
Pulpy kidney changes in kidney at necropsy associated with autolysis of epsilon-toxin-damaged kidney tissue.
Right kidney is the one that is infected, compared to the left.
What does this image show?
Enterotoemia - Type D
Extension of neck backward; brain is affected producing encephalomelacia
What does this image show?
Encephalomalacia associated with C. perfringens type D enterotoxemia
What does this image show?
focal ulcerative fibrinonecrotic ileitis in goat dueto enterotoxemia type D
What can be seen here?
The colonies are small to medium sized and typically grey
to grey-yellow and translucent.
Some are smooth and dome-shaped with an entire
margin, whilst others are rough with a lobate margin, still
others are flat with an irregular surface and a filamentous
margin.
Clostridium perfringens is non-proteolytic and is not
associated with a distinct odour.
This culture has been incubated anaerobically.
What can be seen here?
The same Blood Agar plate examined with
transmitted light.
Colonies are surrounded by a double-zone
hemolysis, which consists of an inner clear
zone and an outer hazy zone.
When looking at sample isolations of c. perfringens, what would you see that is called stormy milk?
Stormy fermentation
Clotting of milk followed by gaseous disruption bubbles on surface b/c bac produce gas.
Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile
What can be seen in this image?
Equine colitis caused by C. difficile
Cecum is necrotic and hemorrhagic
What can be seen in this image?
Mesocolonic edema in pigs caused by C. difficile
What is seen in this image? What is this presentation classic for?
Position of fibrin and necrotic tissue is classic for c.diff.
What can be seen in this image?
Inflammatory reaction (close up of previous image)
Characteristic plaque seen ( black arrow) overlying intact intestinal mucosa) H& E stain
