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MOD (year 3) > Wildlife and zoological medicine > Flashcards

Wildlife and zoological medicine Flashcards

1
Q

what laws effect veterinary surgeons when dealing with wildlife?

A

Veterinary Surgeons act 1966
Animal Welfare act 2006
Wildlife and Countryside act 1981
Animal Health act 1981

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2
Q

what is the ultimate goal of wildlife rehabilitation?

A

returning the patient to the wild with normal physical and behavioural function

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3
Q

what are the three main steps of wildlife rehabilitation?

A

initial assessment
ongoing treatment/managing captivity
release

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4
Q

what should be thought about during an initial assessment of a wild animal?

A

is intervention needed
how to intervene
how likely is a successful outcome

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5
Q

what should be considered when releasing a wild animal?

A 
method
disease screening 
health check
location
season 
monitoring
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6
Q

what are the main sources of wildlife patients?

A

members of public
charities
wildlife projects

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7
Q

what should be done during a telephone triage of wildlife?

A

record species, location and presentation
inform how to capture and transport
inform of health hazards - zoonosis, bites…

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8
Q

how can most wildlife species be transported?

A

cardboard box or pet carrier

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9
Q

how should carnivores be transported?

A

in a covered crush cage

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10
Q

how should amphibians be transported?

A

plastic container with some humidity

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11
Q

what are the most common reasons for wildlife casualties to be brought in?

A 
trauma
natural
orphans
poisoning
infectious disease
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12
Q

in what mammals should sedation/anaesthesia be considered to exam/handle?

A

hedgehogs
deer
most carnivores
large rodents

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13
Q

what should be worn when handling amphibians?

A

powder free latex gloves that are moistened with water (very delicate skin) - try to do most examining inside their container

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14
Q

what are the distinguishing features of an adder?

A

orange to red eyes
vertical pupil
dark zig-zag dorsal pattern

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15
Q

what animals can gas anaesthesia be used on?

A

hedgehogs
large rodents
some avian patients

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16
Q

what is a common combination of drugs used to sedate avian patients?

A

midazolam and butorphanol (IM or intranasal)

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17
Q

what should always be done to wildlife patients under anaesthesia/sedation?

A

cover eyes and ears

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18
Q

what are some options for anaesthetising carnivores?

A

ketamine and medetomidine

ketamine and medazolam

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19
Q

what can medetomidine be reversed by?

A

atipamezole

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20
Q

what can midazlolam be reversed by?

A

flumazenil

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21
Q

what are the options for deer anaesthesia/sedation?

A

ketamine and medetomidine
etorphine
xylazine

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22
Q

what position should deer be placed in when anaesthetised? and why?

A

sternal recumbenecy to prevent tympanisms (accumulation of gas in GI tract)

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23
Q

what are some examples of cases in which euthanasia should be considered?

A 
imminent death
exposed internal organs
exposed fractures
permanent disability
untreatable disease
legal reasons
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24
Q

what is usually used in birds to assess body condition?

A

pectorals

25
Q

how can dehydration be assessed in birds?

A 
dry MM
cold extremities
shock
CRT
(usually assume birds brought in are between 7-10% dehydrated)
26
Q

what routes of medication can be used in birds?

A

IV (difficult) - ulna and medial metatarsal vein
IM - pectoral
intra-osseous - distal ulna and proximal tibiotarsus
subcutaneous

27
Q

what are the best routes of injection for wild mammals?

A

intramuscular

subcutaneous

28
Q

what routes can be used to administer medication in reptiles?

A

IM and intraosseous (only lizards) are best

29
Q

what can cause a wild animal to present with shock?

A

blood loss and hypovolaemia
dehydration and emaciation
poisoning

30
Q

what is the emergency treatment of shock in wild animals?

A

thermal support
oxygen
fluid therapy

31
Q

what are some diagnostic tests that should be carried out for wildlife patients?

A 
PCV
total proteins
blood smear
glucose 
urea
radiographs
32
Q

how are debilitated birds fed?

A

gavage/crop tube

33
Q

how are debilitated small mammals fed?

A

syringe feeding

34
Q

why should contact with wildlife be limited during ongoing treatment and rehabilitation?

A

biosecurity
stress
behaviour changes

35
Q

when are orphan birds usually seen?

A

late winter to summer

36
Q

most orphaned birds are in fact what? and what should be done with these?

A

fledgelings so should be left in a secure place

37
Q

what are some common traumatic injuries seen in wild birds?

A

head, wings, leg trauma

lacerations and bites

38
Q

what signs should be looked for in suspected head injuries to birds?

A 
altered mentation
haemorrhage of oral cavity/ears
hypheama
anisocoria 
paralysis
39
Q

what is hypheama?

A

accumulation of RBCs in the anterior chamber of the eye

40
Q

what is anisocoria?

A

uneven pupil size

41
Q

what first aid should be given to a bird with head trauma?

A

put in a cool dark place
analgesia
take care with over-hydration

42
Q

what should be done first when presented with a wing fracture?

A

stabilise the wing

43
Q

why does care need to be taken the treating/immobilising wing fractures?

A

can cause fibrosis/lesions of the patagium

44
Q

how should wounds/bites be damaged?

A 
sedate/anaesthetise to examine
flush
remove necrotic tissue
cover with hydrocolloid gel
analgesia and antibiotics
45
Q

what are common causes of poisoning in wild birds?

A

lead

botulisms

46
Q

what are the clinical signs of lead poisoning in birds?

A

neurological signs
pale MM
haemoglobinuria

47
Q

how can birds with lead poisoning be treated?

A

calcium EDTA
penicillamine
supportive care
activated charcoal

48
Q

what causes botulism?

A

ingestion of toxin type C produced by Clostridium botulinum

49
Q

what are the clinical signs of botulism in wild birds?

A

progressive flaccid paralysis (neck muscles)
high mortality
outbreaks lasting several weeks

50
Q

how should oiled birds be treated?

A 
supportive care
supplementary heat
clean mucosa/eyes
remove oil - fairy 
remove detergent from plumage - warm water
dry plumage
51
Q

what are some common hedgehog injuries?

A 
trauma
flystrike
emaciation
neonates
respiratory disease
limb entrapment
poisoning
52
Q

what is the approach to bat casualties?

A

start observing from a distance
always handle with latex and garden gloves
warm them (most hypothermic)
oral hydration and glucose

53
Q

what are common problems seen in bats?

A

cat bites
wing tears/lacerations
fractures
entanglement

54
Q

what is the role of zoos?

A

preventing extinction - conservation, research, education

55
Q

what are some zoological governing bodies?

A

BIAZA
EAZA
WAZA

56
Q

what are the main legislations around zoological medicine?

A

zoo licensing act 1981

animal welfare act

57
Q

what are the roles of zoo vets?

A 
medicine
animals imports/exports
populationmanagement
conservation work
pathology
animal welfare
58
Q

what are the 4 categories of preventative medicine?

A

parasites
vaccination
herd health plans
disease surveillance

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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