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MOD (year 3) > SA toxicology > Flashcards

SA toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

what needs to be stabilised in suspected toxin ingestion cases?

A 
respiratory
CV
CNS
thermoregulation
electrolyte/acid-base derangement
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2
Q

if there has been topical exposure of a sticky toxic substance, what should be done?

A

clip animal or wash with vegetable oil

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3
Q

how should the eye be irrigated in cases of topical exposure to toxins?

A

saline/tepid water for 20 minutes

treat ulceration

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4
Q

what is the aim of treating ingested toxins?

A

decrease absorbed dose - prevent absorption, bind toxin, increase elimination

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5
Q

what can be used to induce vomiting in dogs?

A

apomorphine

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6
Q

what can be used to induce vomiting in cats?

A

xylazine or dexmedetomidine

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7
Q

what can be done prior to inducing vomiting to aid emesis?

A

feed small amount of food/water

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8
Q

what are the contraindications for inducing emesis?

A 
already vomiting
absent gag reflex
sedated/unconscious
seizing
corrosive substance ingested
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9
Q

how fast after ingestion should emesis be induced?

A

3 hours (6 for aspirin and 12 for chocolate)

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10
Q

what must be placed prior to gastric lavage?

A

cuffed ET tube

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11
Q

what can be used at the end of gastric lavage?

A

activated charcoal (leave for 10 minutes)

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12
Q

can charcoal be given if emesis has been induced?

A

yes - wait 30 minutes so charcoal isn’t vomited

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13
Q

other than emesis, what can be used to enhance the clearance of toxins?

A

cathartics
enema
diuresis

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14
Q

what do cathartics do?

A

reduce the time a toxin is exposed to the GI tract

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15
Q

what toxicities can IV lipid emulsion be used for?

A

local anaesthetics
calcium channel blockers
macrocyclic lactones
pyrethrin

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16
Q

what are antidotes?

A

any compound which counteracts the effect of a toxicant

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17
Q

what analgesics should be avoided in toxicity cases?

A

NSAIDs (GI problems)

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18
Q

what analgesics should be used in toxicity cases?

A

opioids (pethidine)

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19
Q

what can be used to treat seizures?

A

diazepam
phenobarbital
propofol

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20
Q

what species are lilies toxic to?

A

cats

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21
Q

what is the first sign of lily toxicity in cats?

A

gastritis - vomiting

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22
Q

what is the major consequence of lily toxicity?

A

acute kidney injury (neurological, salivation…)

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23
Q

how is lily toxicity treated?

A

induce emesis
activated charcoal
fluid therapy

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24
Q

how do pyrethrins affect mammals?

A

CNS affected by prolonging sodium conductance (increase nerve firing)

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25
Q

what are the clinical signs of pyrethrin toxicity?

A

salivation
tremor, ataxia, depression
hyper/hypothermia

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26
Q

what can be used to treat pyrethrin toxicity?

A

bathing
emesis
activated charcoal
diazepam

27
Q

what does paracetamol toxicity cause?

A

oxidative injury to RBCs

hepatotoxic (hepatic failure)

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of paracetamol toxicity?

A 
vomiting
abdominal pain
tachycardia
pallor
cyanosis 
chocolate colour MM
29
Q

how can paracetamol toxicity be treated?

A 
emesis (within 2 hours of ingestion)
activated charcoal
cathartics
ascorbic acid
N-acetylcysteine
30
Q

where is ethylene glycol metabolised?

A

liver by alcohol dehydrogenase

31
Q

what is ethylene glycol metabolised to?

A 
glycolic acid (metabolic acidosis0
oxalic acid (renal epithelial damage)
32
Q

what are the three clinical phases of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

GI irritation
CNS toxicity
nephrotoxicity

33
Q

what are the clinical signs of the first phase of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A 
ataxia
tachycardia
PUPD
vomiting
(2-12 hours post ingestion)
34
Q

what are the clinical signs of phase 2 of ethylene glycol due to?

A

metabolic acidosis

35
Q

what are the clinical signs of the second phase of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

anorexia, vomiting
depression, hypothermia
(8-24 hours post ingestion)

36
Q

what are the clinical signs of phase 3 of ethylene glycol due to?

A

oliguric renal failure

37
Q

what are the clinical signs of the third phase of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A 
large/painful kidneys
oral ulceration 
vomiting 
seizures 
(1-3 days post ingestion)
38
Q

what crystals can be found in the urine of animals with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

39
Q

how is ethylene glycol toxicity treated?

A 
(poor prognosis past phase 1)
supportive care (IV fluid)
antidote
40
Q

what are the antidotes available for ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

ethanol (CNS/respiratory depression)

fomepizole (best)

41
Q

how do ethanol and fomepizole work as an antidote to ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

42
Q

how do anticoagulant rodenticides work?

A

vitamin K antagonists

43
Q

what effect does rodenticides antagonising vitamin K have?

A

prevents certain clotting factors being activated (coagulopathy)

44
Q

how is anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity treated?

A

vitamin K supplementation (absorbed better with fatty foods)

supportive (for blood loss)

45
Q

what effects does cholecalciferol rodenticides have?

A

increase calcium absorption (from intestines, osteoclastic from bone, reabsorption in renal tubules)

46
Q

what are the clinical signs of cholecalciferol toxicity related to?

A

hypercalcaemia

47
Q

how is cholecalciferol toxicity treated?

A 
emetic, activated charcoal
treat hypercalcaemia (calcitonin, saline diuresis)
48
Q

what is ingested to cause metaldehyde toxicity?

A

slug/snail pellets

49
Q

what type of toxicity does metaldehyde cause?

A

neurotoxicity (then hepatotoxicity if they survive)

50
Q

what are the clinical signs of metaldehyde toxicity?

A

anxiety, restlessness, salivation, tremors, ataxia, seizure, coma

51
Q

how is metaldehyde treated?

A

emesis, gastric levage
liquid parafin
fluid therapy
diazepam (seizures)

52
Q

how do NSAIDs cause toxicity?

A

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

53
Q

what can be done to treat NSAID toxicity?

A

emesis, gastric lavage
cathartics
repeated doses of charcoal

54
Q

why are repeated doses of activated charcoal needed for NSAID toxicity?

A

NSAIDs undergo enterohepatic recirculation

55
Q

what are methylxanthines found in?

A

chocolate, tea, coffee (caffeine and theobromine)

56
Q

what are the clinical signs of methylxanthine toxicity?

A

ventricular arrhythmias
tremor/seizure
GI upset

57
Q

how is methylxanthine toxicity treated?

A

emesis and activated charcoal

keep bladder small (absorbed across the wall)

58
Q

what is the toxic effect of grapes/raisins in dogs?

A

acute kidney injury (proximal tubular necrosis)

59
Q

what are the clinical signs or marijuana toxicity?

A

hypothermia
depression, disorientation
compulsive eating (munchies)

60
Q

how is marijuana toxicity treated?

A

supportive therapy

repeat charcoal administration

61
Q

what does xylitol cause?

A

hypoglycaemia (massive insulin release)

62
Q

how can xylitol toxicity treated?

A

emesis
N-acetylcysteine
supportive therapy (glucose)

63
Q

what causes toxicity to onions/leeks?

A

disulphide and thiosulfate

64
Q

what does onion/leek toxicity cause?

A

Heinz bodies and haemolysis

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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