Urinary system

Question 1

what are the three functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

excretion of waste
control fluid balance (volume/composition)
endocrine

Question 2

what hormones are released from the kidney?

Answer 2

renin
erythropoietin
calcitriol

Question 3

what is azotaemia?

Answer 3

increase in urea and creatinine in blood

Question 4

what causes pre-renal azotaemia?

Answer 4

poor perfusion to kidney (hypovolaemia, shock, heart failure…)

Question 5

what causes post-renal azotaemia?

Answer 5

urine unable to leave body (obstruction, rupture…)

Question 6

what is chronic kidney disease?

Answer 6

structural/functional abnormalities of kidney(s) present for 3 months or longer

Question 7

what is acute kidney injury?

Answer 7

rapid loss of kidney function (sudden inability to maintain fluid, acid-base, electrolyte balance)

Question 8

why can PUPD occur in chronic kidney disease?

Answer 8

increased filtered load on surviving nephrons
disrupted countercurrent system
impaired ADH response

Question 9

what electrolytes can be disturbed by chronic kidney disease?

Answer 9

sodium
potassium
calcium
phosphate

Question 10

what can cause anorexia in a cat with chronic kidney disease?

Answer 10

oral pain
nausea
acidosis
hypokalaemia

Question 11

why can animals with chronic kidney disease be anaemic?

Answer 11

deficiency of erythropoietin

Question 12

what is uraemia?

Answer 12

clinical syndrome due to increased urea and creatinine in the blood (multiple metabolic derangement)

Question 13

what acid/base disturbance is most common in chronic kidney disease?

Answer 13

metabolic acidosis

Question 14

what is polyuria?

Answer 14

urinating a large volume

Question 15

what is pollakiuria?

Answer 15

urinating very often

Question 16

what is stranguria?

Answer 16

straining to urinate

Question 17

what is dysuria?

Answer 17

difficulty urinating

Question 18

if blood is present throughout urination, where is it originating?

Answer 18

upper urinary tract

Question 19

if blood is present at the end of urination, where is it originating?

Answer 19

lower urinary tract

Question 20

what is urinary incontinence?

Answer 20

inappropriate dribbling of urine during storage phase

Question 21

why is azotaemia not a good rest for kidney disease?

Answer 21

needs loss of 75% of functioning nephrons to be present

Question 22

where is urea made?

Answer 22

liver

Question 23

why is urea not a good marker of kidney function?

Answer 23

effected by many things (recent meal, GI bleeding, dehydration…)

Question 24

why is creatinine a good marker of glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 24

constantly produced by muscles (effected by muscle mass)

Question 25

what are the three ways of collecting a urine sample?

Answer 25

free catch midstream
cystocentesis
catheterisation

Question 26

what does red/brown urine indicate?

Answer 26

haematuria

Question 27

what does dark yellow/brown urine indicate?

Answer 27

bilirubinaemia

Question 28

what does cloudy urine indicate?

Answer 28

increased cell, crystals, bacteria, mucus, casts, sperm

Question 29

what are the inaccurate parameters of dipstick tests?

Answer 29

nitrite
leucocytes
specific gravity

Question 30

what is normal specific gravity of dogs urine?

Answer 30

> 1.030

Question 31

what is the normal specific gravity of cats urine?

Answer 31

> 10.35

Question 32

where is isosthenuria?

Answer 32

urine with the same specific gravity as plasma

Question 33

what are the most common crystals found in urine?

Answer 33

struvite

calcium oxalate dihydrate

Question 34

what is the appearance of struvite crystals?

Answer 34

coffin shape

Question 35

how do calcium oxalate dihydrate appear?

Answer 35

envelope (cross in square)