Urinary system Flashcards
what are the three functions of the kidney?
excretion of waste
control fluid balance (volume/composition)
endocrine
what hormones are released from the kidney?
renin
erythropoietin
calcitriol
what is azotaemia?
increase in urea and creatinine in blood
what causes pre-renal azotaemia?
poor perfusion to kidney (hypovolaemia, shock, heart failure…)
what causes post-renal azotaemia?
urine unable to leave body (obstruction, rupture…)
what is chronic kidney disease?
structural/functional abnormalities of kidney(s) present for 3 months or longer
what is acute kidney injury?
rapid loss of kidney function (sudden inability to maintain fluid, acid-base, electrolyte balance)
why can PUPD occur in chronic kidney disease?
increased filtered load on surviving nephrons
disrupted countercurrent system
impaired ADH response
what electrolytes can be disturbed by chronic kidney disease?
sodium
potassium
calcium
phosphate
what can cause anorexia in a cat with chronic kidney disease?
oral pain
nausea
acidosis
hypokalaemia
why can animals with chronic kidney disease be anaemic?
deficiency of erythropoietin
what is uraemia?
clinical syndrome due to increased urea and creatinine in the blood (multiple metabolic derangement)
what acid/base disturbance is most common in chronic kidney disease?
metabolic acidosis
what is polyuria?
urinating a large volume
what is pollakiuria?
urinating very often
what is stranguria?
straining to urinate
what is dysuria?
difficulty urinating
if blood is present throughout urination, where is it originating?
upper urinary tract
if blood is present at the end of urination, where is it originating?
lower urinary tract
what is urinary incontinence?
inappropriate dribbling of urine during storage phase
why is azotaemia not a good rest for kidney disease?
needs loss of 75% of functioning nephrons to be present
where is urea made?
liver
why is urea not a good marker of kidney function?
effected by many things (recent meal, GI bleeding, dehydration…)
why is creatinine a good marker of glomerular filtration rate?
constantly produced by muscles (effected by muscle mass)
what are the three ways of collecting a urine sample?
free catch midstream
cystocentesis
catheterisation
what does red/brown urine indicate?
haematuria
what does dark yellow/brown urine indicate?
bilirubinaemia
what does cloudy urine indicate?
increased cell, crystals, bacteria, mucus, casts, sperm
what are the inaccurate parameters of dipstick tests?
nitrite
leucocytes
specific gravity
what is normal specific gravity of dogs urine?
> 1.030
what is the normal specific gravity of cats urine?
> 10.35
where is isosthenuria?
urine with the same specific gravity as plasma
what are the most common crystals found in urine?
struvite
calcium oxalate dihydrate
what is the appearance of struvite crystals?
coffin shape
how do calcium oxalate dihydrate appear?
envelope (cross in square)
