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MOD (year 3) > Biosecurity > Flashcards

Biosecurity Flashcards

1
Q

what is biosecurity?

A

measures taken to prevent the introduction/spread of disease

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2
Q

what are the three ways of managing and infectious disease?

A

biosecurity
reduce disease challenge
improve animals resistance

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3
Q

what are the ways of reducing disease challenge?

A

management - hygiene, ventilation, stocking rate…
test/cull infected stock
drug treatments

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4
Q

how can animal resistance be improved?

A

vaccination
management - nutrition, stress, concurrent disease
breeding

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5
Q

what is the three step process of a risk assessment?

A

what’s the risk of disease coming onto a farm?
how much of a problem is the disease?
what measure can be taken to reduce the risk?

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6
Q

what factors need to be considered when creating a biosecurity plan?

A

feasibility
affordability
risk of disease
alternative measures

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7
Q

who is responsible for global biosecurity?

A

OiE - world organisation for animal health

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8
Q

what are the six principles the OiE try to achieve?

A

transparency in disease situations
sharing scientific information
international solidarity on disease controls
sanitary safety - publishing health standards
supporting veterinary services
food safety and animal welfare

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9
Q

what must countries notify the OiE in relation to notifiable disease?

A 
first occurrence
reoccurrence
new strains
change in morbidity/mortality
change in epidemiology 
new emerging disease
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10
Q

who manages national biosecurity?

A

DEFRA

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11
Q

what is put into a risk assessment of biosecurity plans?

A

disease at risk from?
how disease may enter?
quantify the risk
devise control measures

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12
Q

what ways can disease enter a farm?

A

animals, vectors, wildlife, farm pets…

fomites - people, equipment, vehicles

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13
Q

what is a qualitative assessment of the risk of a disease entering a farm based on?

A

disease prevalence
nature of disease
how it spreads
route of entry to farm

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14
Q

what can be done when sourcing animals to reduce disease risk?

A

closed herd - AI
purchase from accredited farms
direct from farm purchase - disease history/risk known

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15
Q

what is the most important part of hygiene practices?

A

cleaning and washing of surfaces - removal or organic material

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16
Q

what is it important you get right when using disinfectants?

A

correct concentration, method and contact time

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17
Q

why is air hygiene/ventilation important?

A

reduces pathogen load
dries environment so its less supportive or micro-organisms
regulates thermal environment

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18
Q

what can be done to reduce pasture pathogen contamination?

A 
crop rotations
reseeding
resting pasture
reduced stocking rates
not mixing age groups
move feed troughs around field
19
Q

what are biocides?

A

substances used to control, prevent or destroy harmful microorganisms

20
Q

what are the groups of biocides?

A

sanitisers
antiseptics
disinfectants
sterilants

21
Q

what is the general mode of action of biocides?

A

react with proteins (often essential enzymes of microorganisms) by actions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, denaturation or substitution

22
Q

define sanitisers

A

don’t destroy/eliminate all microorganism but reduce the contamination on inanimate surfaces

23
Q

define sterilization

A

process that destroys/eliminates all forms of life (especially microorganisms)

24
Q

define disinfectants

A

products applied directly to an inanimate object to destroy most microorgansism (don’t destroy spores)

25
Q

define antiseptics

A

products applied to the surface of living organisms to prevent the growth of microorganisms by inhibiting/destroying them

26
Q

what are detergents used for?

A

disperse/remove organic material from surfaces allowing disinfectants to reach and destroy microbes beneath

27
Q

what are DEFRA approved disinfectants?

A

disinfectants that have undergone efficacy testing against specific pathogens that cause notifiable disease

28
Q

what are the types of disinfectants?

A 
aldehydes
alkalis
acids
alcohols
biguanides 
halogens
29
Q

what is an example of an aldehyde?

A

formaldehyde

30
Q

how do aldehydes work to disinfect?

A

denature proteins by disrupting nucleic acids

31
Q

why are aldehydes not commonly used anymore?

A

carcinogenic

32
Q

are gram negatives or positives more susceptible to disinfectants?

A

gram positives - negatives have extra outer membrane

33
Q

name some alkalis used as disinfectants

A

sodium/ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide

34
Q

name some acids used as disinfectants

A

acetic acid

citric acid

35
Q

how do acids work as disinfectants?

A

destroys binds of nucleic acids
precipitate proteins
alter the pH

36
Q

name some alcohols used as disinfectants

A

ethanol

isopropanol

37
Q

how do alcohols work as disinfectants?

A

denature proteins

damage membranes and lyse cells

38
Q

what is an example of a biguanide?

A

chlorehexidine

39
Q

how do biguanides work as disinfectants?

A

alter cell membrane permeability

40
Q

what are some examples of halogens?

A

chlorine and iodine

41
Q

how do halogens work as disinfectants?

A

denature proteins

42
Q

what are ways of physical disinfection?

A

heat, light and radiation

43
Q

what are the two types of resistance to disinfectants?

A

intrinsic (never been sensitive to the agent)

acquired

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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