SA dentistry Flashcards
1
Q
what are the segments of the triadan numbering system?
A
right maxillary - 1
left maxillary - 2
left mandibular - 3
right mandibular - 4
2
Q
what is the dental formula for the primary dentition of a dog?
A
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/3 (28)
3
Q
what is the dental formula for the permanent dentition of a dog?
A
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 M 2/3 (42)
4
Q
what is the dental formula for the primary dentition of a cat?
A
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/2 (26)
5
Q
what is the dental formula for the permanent dentition of a cat?
A
I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/2 M 1/1 (40)
6
Q
what are the three layers of the tooth?
A
enamel
dentine
pulp
7
Q
how would enamel be described?
A
white, smooth, outer layer (very hard)
8
Q
what is dentine?
A
softer material that encloses the pulp cavity
9
Q
what forms dentine?
A
odontoblasts (lining pulp cavity)
10
Q
what is pulp?
A
sensitive tissue (nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatics)
11
Q
what is cementum?
A
avascular bone like material covering the root surface
12
Q
what does periodontal ligament attach to?
A
root cementum to alveolar bone
13
Q
what age should all deciduous dentition of kittens/puppies we present?
A
6 weeks
14
Q
what age do permeant incisors erupt in dogs/cats?
A
2-5 months
15
Q
what age do permanent canines erupt in dogs/cats?
A
3-6 months
16
Q
what age to permanent premolars erupt in dogs/cats?
A
4-6 months
17
Q
what age do permanent molars erupt in dogs/cats?
A
5-7 months
18
Q
what is assessed on a dental examination of the head?
A
symmetry
lymph nodes/glands
bones/muscle
eye position
19
Q
what is dolichocephalic?
A
elongated skull
20
Q
what is occlusion?
A
relationship between teeth in the same and opposing jaw
21
Q
what is skeletal malocclusion due to?
A
discrepancies in jaw length/width
22
Q
what is brachygnathism?
A
mandible too short relative to the maxilla (overbite)
23
Q
what is prognathism?
A
mandible too long relative to maxilla (undershot)
24
Q
what are luxators used for?
A
cut down periodontal ligament
25
what are elevators used for?
breakdown/stretch periodontal ligament (pressure/leverage)
26
what are periosteal elevators used for?
open extractions to expose the alveolar bone
27
what are forceps used for in extraction?
rotational force when periodontal ligament is broken
28
what are the two categories of X-ray machines?
multidirectional generator head
| hand-held generator
29
what are the advantages of direct dental radiography?
faster
easier to correct positioning faults
small sensors (one size doesn't fit all)
30
what are the advantages of indirect dental radiography?
flexible sizes
| films thin/easy to place
31
what is the disadvantage of indirect dental radiography?
films need to be developed (time and less accurate)
32
what is the difference between the appearance of the pulp cavity and young/old dogs?
young have much wider cavity and are open (no bone around bottom)
33
what is the significance of a pulp stone?
incidental in young animals
34
what is horizontal bone loss?
line of mandible is dropped (root exposure)
35
what is vertical bone loss?
bone lost perpendicular to line of mandible (root exposure)
36
is resorption seen more commonly in cats or dogs?
cats
37
what happens with type one tooth resorption?
destruction of tooth with preserved periodontal ligament
38
what is seen with type two tooth resorption?
destruction of tooth and periodontal ligament
39
what is an apical lesion also known as?
tooth root abscess
40
how does pulpitis appear on a radiograph?
large/widened pulp cavity (unilateral means pathology)
41
what teeth is parallel radiography used for?
caudal mandibular premolars and molar
42
how is a patient positioned for parallel radiography of teeth?
laterally with side being examined facing upwards
43
where is the beam for bisecting angle radiography?
perpendicular to bisecting angle between tooth root and sensor
44
why is bisecting angle radiography used?
doesn't distort the tooth
| can use when parallel isn't available
45
what anatomical feature can pose a problem for imaging the maxillary molars/premolars in cats?
zygomatic arch
46
what is periodontal disease?
inflammatory and destructive condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth
47
what is plaque?
a biofilm formed from aggregations of bacteria, debris and inflammatory cells
48
what is pellicle?
acellular film of salivary glycoproteins, polypeptides and lipids on enamel (mineralises quickly)
49
what is calculus?
mineralised plaque
50
what is gingivitis?
inflammation of soft tissue of gingiva
51
what is gingivitis secondary to?
plaque accumulation
52
what are the stages of gingivitis?
marginal gingivitis
bacteria in gingival sulcus
inflammation (enzymes and endotoxins)
53
what is periodontitis?
inflammation and destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
54
is periodontitis reversible?
no
55
what are some influencing factors of periodontal disease?
breed (brachycephalic) - malocclusion
immune status
developmental defects
diet
56
what is stage 0 periodontal disease?
normal healthy periodontium
57
what is stage 1 periodontal disease?
gingivitis
58
what is stage 2 periodontal disease?
gingivitis, plaque
59
what is stage 3 periodontal disease?
gingivitis, plaque and calculus
60
what is stage 4 periodontal disease?
gingivitis, plaque, calculus, root exposure
61
what are the clinical signs of periodontal disease?
```
halitosis
salivation (blood)
plaque/calculus
inflamed/bleeding gingiva
tooth mobility
```
62
what is the goal of treating periodontal disease?
suppress inflammation and stop disease progression
63
what treatment is used for periodontal disease?
```
reduce bacterial load (flush with chlorhexidine)
scaling
debridement
polishing
sulcular lavage
extractions
```
64
what are some reasons for dental extraction?
```
periodontitis
pulp necrosis
persistent deciduous teeth
abnormal response to plaque
fractures
tooth resorption
mobile teeth
caries (decay)
ectopic/impacted teeth
failed restorative treatment
```
65
what is closed extraction technique?
not making an incision through the gingiva (except sulcus)
66
what three techniques are used for closed extraction?
luxation
elevation
extraction
67
what is the aim of luxation?
cut through periodontal ligament
68
what is the aim of elevation?
fatigue the periodontal ligament and tear its attachments
69
when is surgical extraction technique used?
multi-rooted teeth
canines
tooth resorption/retained roots
70
what are the three types of commonly used flaps for surgical extraction?
envelope flap
triangle flap
pedicle flap
71
what is an envelope flap?
incision just into the gingival sulcus
72
what is a triangle flap for surgical extraction?
sulcal incision plus one releasing incisions (creates a drape like flap)
73
what is a pedicle flap for surgical extraction?
two releasing incisions (extensive access to alveolar space)
74
what is periosteal elevation?
elevation of the mucoperiosteal flap away from the underlying bone
75
what is alveolectomy?
removal of the alveolar bone from the buccal aspect of the tooth
76
what is the technique for sectioning teeth?
place burr at furcation point and cut
77
what are possible complications of surgical extraction?
```
mandibular jaw fracture
soft tissue trauma
oro-nasal fistula
ankylosis of root
retained/fractured root
```
78
when can a tooth root be left in situ?
risk of surgery outweighs the benefit of removing
79
how should a root tip left in situ be managed?
take radiograph
inform owner
take radiographs annually
80
what are the two main nerve blocks used?
```
caudal maxillary
inferior alveolar (caudal mandibular)
```
81
what nerves are anaesthetised on a caudal maxillary nerve block?
palatine and infraorbital
82
where is a caudal maxillary block placed?
spongey soft tissue caudal to position of last upper tooth
83
what nerve is anaesthetised by a caudal mandibular block?
inferior alveolar
84
what are the two local anaesthetics commonly used?
```
lidocaine
bupivicaine (longer duration)
```
85
what flap is used to extract the maxillary canine surgically?
pedicle
86
what is tooth resorption?
destruction of dental tissue (by odontoclasts) that is replaced by granulation tissue
87
what are the clinical signs of feline tooth resorption?
```
cold sensitivity
weight loss
hypersalivation
pawing at face
halitosis
```
88
where on the tooth is affected by type one tooth resorption?
the crown
89
where on the tooth is effected by type two tooth resorption?
the root
90
where on the tooth is effected by type three tooth resorption?
crown and root
91
what is gingivostomatitis?
gingivitis and inflammation of the mucosa
92
what factors can influence the formation of chronic gingivostomatitis?
immune status
biofilm formation
associated dental disease
calicivirus status
93
what are the aims of treating gingivostomatitis?
reduce oral antigen burden
improve welfare (pain)
reduce inflammation
94
what is a common treatment for gingivostomatitis? (surgical)
full mouth extractions (premolars and molars)
95
what can be used to medically manage gingivostomatitis?
pain relief (NSAIDs, buprenorphine...)
antibiotics
plaque reduction (heparinise, brushing...)
dietary supplement
96
what technique should be used to extract deciduous teeth?
open (surgical) - long fragile roots
97
what can cause discolouration to a single whole tooth?
pulpitis
98
what can cause discolouration to a single/isolated part of a tooth?
dentine exposure (from wear)
99
what can cause discolouration to multiple teeth?
staining
enamel hypoplasia
tetracycline exposure (puppies)
