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MOD (year 3) > SA dentistry > Flashcards

SA dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

what are the segments of the triadan numbering system?

A

right maxillary - 1
left maxillary - 2
left mandibular - 3
right mandibular - 4

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2
Q

what is the dental formula for the primary dentition of a dog?

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/3 (28)

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3
Q

what is the dental formula for the permanent dentition of a dog?

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 4/4 M 2/3 (42)

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4
Q

what is the dental formula for the primary dentition of a cat?

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/2 (26)

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5
Q

what is the dental formula for the permanent dentition of a cat?

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 PM 3/2 M 1/1 (40)

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6
Q

what are the three layers of the tooth?

A

enamel
dentine
pulp

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7
Q

how would enamel be described?

A

white, smooth, outer layer (very hard)

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8
Q

what is dentine?

A

softer material that encloses the pulp cavity

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9
Q

what forms dentine?

A

odontoblasts (lining pulp cavity)

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10
Q

what is pulp?

A

sensitive tissue (nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatics)

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11
Q

what is cementum?

A

avascular bone like material covering the root surface

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12
Q

what does periodontal ligament attach to?

A

root cementum to alveolar bone

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13
Q

what age should all deciduous dentition of kittens/puppies we present?

A

6 weeks

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14
Q

what age do permeant incisors erupt in dogs/cats?

A

2-5 months

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15
Q

what age do permanent canines erupt in dogs/cats?

A

3-6 months

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16
Q

what age to permanent premolars erupt in dogs/cats?

A

4-6 months

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17
Q

what age do permanent molars erupt in dogs/cats?

A

5-7 months

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18
Q

what is assessed on a dental examination of the head?

A

symmetry
lymph nodes/glands
bones/muscle
eye position

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19
Q

what is dolichocephalic?

A

elongated skull

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20
Q

what is occlusion?

A

relationship between teeth in the same and opposing jaw

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21
Q

what is skeletal malocclusion due to?

A

discrepancies in jaw length/width

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22
Q

what is brachygnathism?

A

mandible too short relative to the maxilla (overbite)

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23
Q

what is prognathism?

A

mandible too long relative to maxilla (undershot)

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24
Q

what are luxators used for?

A

cut down periodontal ligament

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25
Q

what are elevators used for?

A

breakdown/stretch periodontal ligament (pressure/leverage)

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26
Q

what are periosteal elevators used for?

A

open extractions to expose the alveolar bone

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27
Q

what are forceps used for in extraction?

A

rotational force when periodontal ligament is broken

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28
Q

what are the two categories of X-ray machines?

A

multidirectional generator head

hand-held generator

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29
Q

what are the advantages of direct dental radiography?

A

faster
easier to correct positioning faults
small sensors (one size doesn’t fit all)

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30
Q

what are the advantages of indirect dental radiography?

A

flexible sizes

films thin/easy to place

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31
Q

what is the disadvantage of indirect dental radiography?

A

films need to be developed (time and less accurate)

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32
Q

what is the difference between the appearance of the pulp cavity and young/old dogs?

A

young have much wider cavity and are open (no bone around bottom)

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33
Q

what is the significance of a pulp stone?

A

incidental in young animals

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34
Q

what is horizontal bone loss?

A

line of mandible is dropped (root exposure)

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35
Q

what is vertical bone loss?

A

bone lost perpendicular to line of mandible (root exposure)

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36
Q

is resorption seen more commonly in cats or dogs?

A

cats

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37
Q

what happens with type one tooth resorption?

A

destruction of tooth with preserved periodontal ligament

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38
Q

what is seen with type two tooth resorption?

A

destruction of tooth and periodontal ligament

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39
Q

what is an apical lesion also known as?

A

tooth root abscess

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40
Q

how does pulpitis appear on a radiograph?

A

large/widened pulp cavity (unilateral means pathology)

41
Q

what teeth is parallel radiography used for?

A

caudal mandibular premolars and molar

42
Q

how is a patient positioned for parallel radiography of teeth?

A

laterally with side being examined facing upwards

43
Q

where is the beam for bisecting angle radiography?

A

perpendicular to bisecting angle between tooth root and sensor

44
Q

why is bisecting angle radiography used?

A

doesn’t distort the tooth

can use when parallel isn’t available

45
Q

what anatomical feature can pose a problem for imaging the maxillary molars/premolars in cats?

A

zygomatic arch

46
Q

what is periodontal disease?

A

inflammatory and destructive condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth

47
Q

what is plaque?

A

a biofilm formed from aggregations of bacteria, debris and inflammatory cells

48
Q

what is pellicle?

A

acellular film of salivary glycoproteins, polypeptides and lipids on enamel (mineralises quickly)

49
Q

what is calculus?

A

mineralised plaque

50
Q

what is gingivitis?

A

inflammation of soft tissue of gingiva

51
Q

what is gingivitis secondary to?

A

plaque accumulation

52
Q

what are the stages of gingivitis?

A

marginal gingivitis
bacteria in gingival sulcus
inflammation (enzymes and endotoxins)

53
Q

what is periodontitis?

A

inflammation and destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone

54
Q

is periodontitis reversible?

A

no

55
Q

what are some influencing factors of periodontal disease?

A

breed (brachycephalic) - malocclusion
immune status
developmental defects
diet

56
Q

what is stage 0 periodontal disease?

A

normal healthy periodontium

57
Q

what is stage 1 periodontal disease?

A

gingivitis

58
Q

what is stage 2 periodontal disease?

A

gingivitis, plaque

59
Q

what is stage 3 periodontal disease?

A

gingivitis, plaque and calculus

60
Q

what is stage 4 periodontal disease?

A

gingivitis, plaque, calculus, root exposure

61
Q

what are the clinical signs of periodontal disease?

A 
halitosis
salivation (blood)
plaque/calculus
inflamed/bleeding gingiva
tooth mobility
62
Q

what is the goal of treating periodontal disease?

A

suppress inflammation and stop disease progression

63
Q

what treatment is used for periodontal disease?

A 
reduce bacterial load (flush with chlorhexidine)
scaling 
debridement
polishing
sulcular lavage
extractions
64
Q

what are some reasons for dental extraction?

A 
periodontitis
pulp necrosis
persistent deciduous teeth
abnormal response to plaque 
fractures
tooth resorption
mobile teeth
caries (decay)
ectopic/impacted teeth
failed restorative treatment
65
Q

what is closed extraction technique?

A

not making an incision through the gingiva (except sulcus)

66
Q

what three techniques are used for closed extraction?

A

luxation
elevation
extraction

67
Q

what is the aim of luxation?

A

cut through periodontal ligament

68
Q

what is the aim of elevation?

A

fatigue the periodontal ligament and tear its attachments

69
Q

when is surgical extraction technique used?

A

multi-rooted teeth
canines
tooth resorption/retained roots

70
Q

what are the three types of commonly used flaps for surgical extraction?

A

envelope flap
triangle flap
pedicle flap

71
Q

what is an envelope flap?

A

incision just into the gingival sulcus

72
Q

what is a triangle flap for surgical extraction?

A

sulcal incision plus one releasing incisions (creates a drape like flap)

73
Q

what is a pedicle flap for surgical extraction?

A

two releasing incisions (extensive access to alveolar space)

74
Q

what is periosteal elevation?

A

elevation of the mucoperiosteal flap away from the underlying bone

75
Q

what is alveolectomy?

A

removal of the alveolar bone from the buccal aspect of the tooth

76
Q

what is the technique for sectioning teeth?

A

place burr at furcation point and cut

77
Q

what are possible complications of surgical extraction?

A 
mandibular jaw fracture
soft tissue trauma 
oro-nasal fistula 
ankylosis of root
retained/fractured root
78
Q

when can a tooth root be left in situ?

A

risk of surgery outweighs the benefit of removing

79
Q

how should a root tip left in situ be managed?

A

take radiograph
inform owner
take radiographs annually

80
Q

what are the two main nerve blocks used?

A 
caudal maxillary
inferior alveolar (caudal mandibular)
81
Q

what nerves are anaesthetised on a caudal maxillary nerve block?

A

palatine and infraorbital

82
Q

where is a caudal maxillary block placed?

A

spongey soft tissue caudal to position of last upper tooth

83
Q

what nerve is anaesthetised by a caudal mandibular block?

A

inferior alveolar

84
Q

what are the two local anaesthetics commonly used?

A 
lidocaine
bupivicaine (longer duration)
85
Q

what flap is used to extract the maxillary canine surgically?

A

pedicle

86
Q

what is tooth resorption?

A

destruction of dental tissue (by odontoclasts) that is replaced by granulation tissue

87
Q

what are the clinical signs of feline tooth resorption?

A 
cold sensitivity
weight loss
hypersalivation
pawing at face
halitosis
88
Q

where on the tooth is affected by type one tooth resorption?

A

the crown

89
Q

where on the tooth is effected by type two tooth resorption?

A

the root

90
Q

where on the tooth is effected by type three tooth resorption?

A

crown and root

91
Q

what is gingivostomatitis?

A

gingivitis and inflammation of the mucosa

92
Q

what factors can influence the formation of chronic gingivostomatitis?

A

immune status
biofilm formation
associated dental disease
calicivirus status

93
Q

what are the aims of treating gingivostomatitis?

A

reduce oral antigen burden
improve welfare (pain)
reduce inflammation

94
Q

what is a common treatment for gingivostomatitis? (surgical)

A

full mouth extractions (premolars and molars)

95
Q

what can be used to medically manage gingivostomatitis?

A

pain relief (NSAIDs, buprenorphine…)
antibiotics
plaque reduction (heparinise, brushing…)
dietary supplement

96
Q

what technique should be used to extract deciduous teeth?

A

open (surgical) - long fragile roots

97
Q

what can cause discolouration to a single whole tooth?

A

pulpitis

98
Q

what can cause discolouration to a single/isolated part of a tooth?

A

dentine exposure (from wear)

99
Q

what can cause discolouration to multiple teeth?

A

staining
enamel hypoplasia
tetracycline exposure (puppies)

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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