Behaviour Flashcards
1
Q
what are the parts of the health triad?
A
physical health
cognitive health
emotional health
2
Q
what are the positive emotional motivation also known as?
A
engaging
3
Q
what are the positive emotional motivations?
A
desire seeking
social play
lust
care
4
Q
what are the negative emotional motivations also known as?
A
protective
5
Q
what are the negative emotional motivations?
A
frustration
fear-anxiety
pain
panic-grief
6
Q
what is the desire seeking system used for?
A
motivates animals to move to places with more potential for finding/consuming resources (food, water, shelter, toys…)
7
Q
what are some problematic behaviours of dogs associated with the desire seeking system?
A
fridge raiding
chasing other pets/animals
counter surfing
8
Q
what are some problematic behaviours of cats associated with the desire seeking system?
A
hunting prey
hunting animals ankles/fingers
9
Q
what is the fear-anxiety system used for?
A
preserving comfort provided by resources and managing potential threats to them/resources
10
Q
what are the aims of the behavioural responses to negative emotions?
A
take animal away from stimuli (visa versa)
limit potential damage caused by stimuli
11
Q
what are the two ways of achieving the behavioural responses associated with negative emotions?
A
increase distance between stimuli/animals
increase information known about the trigger
12
Q
what is the pain system used for?
A
maintenance of body integrity and function (sensation and motivation)
13
Q
what are the ways in which the pain system can be activated?
A
actual or potential tissue damage
14
Q
what is the lust system used for?
A
organises reproductive needs ranging from attraction/approach to mating
15
Q
what is the care system used for?
A
maintaining/creating the bonds to offspring and nurturance towards other
16
Q
what is the panic-grief system used for?
A
relates to the safeguarding/protection of young and survival of the species
17
Q
what is the social play system used for?
A
providing information to individuals about an animals own social competence (tactile play)
18
Q
when can the social play system be problematic?
A
between different species
between different breeds (sizes)
between different ages
19
Q
what is the frustration system used for?
A
triggered by failure to meet expectations or obtain resources or control, it intensifies other behavioural responses
20
Q
what is the frustration system always associated with?
A
another emotion
21
Q
what can cause aggressive responses?
A
whenever an animal becomes frustrated involving another system (lust, social play…)
22
Q
what may cause emotional motivations to be presented as problematic behaviour by the owner?
A
compromised physical/cognitive health
miscommunication between different species
suboptimal physical/social environment
23
Q
define emotional stability
A
ability to remain emotionally stable and balanced (within your capacity)
24
Q
define emotional capacity
A
level of emotional arousal that an individual can tolerate without significant/long lasting negative outcomes
25
define emotional valenece
the extent to which an emotion is positive or negative
26
define emotional arousal
intensity of an emotional motivation/response
27
define emotional resilience
ability to adapt to stressful situations, coping with positive and negative emotions
28
what group of people have a high level of responsibility for an animals emotional stability?
breeders
29
how do breeders effect animals emotional stability?
selection of breeding stock
caring for pregnant animal
early puppy rearing
30
what are the two types of learning?
classical conditioning
| operant conditioning
31
what model can be used to understand emotional capacity?
sink
32
what does the size of the sink represent?
emotional capacity (capacity for arousal)
33
what determines the emotional capacity of an animal?
genetics
emotional health of dam
experiences in early weeks of life
experiences during first year of life
34
what are the two emotional valences? what represents them in the sink model?
positive - cold tap
negative - hot tap
(mix tap)
35
what does mix tap represent in the sink model?
emotional conflict - triggering positive and negative emotions at the same time
36
what does the drainage of the sink represent?
emotional resilience
37
what are some examples of drainage behaviours? (removal of emotional residue)
sleep
chewing
grooming
38
what effect does high levels of emotional arousal have on their drainage behaviours?
they will be more intense and frequent
39
what does the overflowing of the sink represent?
displacement behaviours
40
what are some displacement behaviours?
```
scratching
stretching
yawning
shaking when not wet
lip smacking
```
41
are displacement behaviours normal?
they are normal behaviours in an abnormal context
42
what causes risk of emotional overflow?
low emotional capacity (small sink)
emotional disorders (negative emotions when not justified)
inappropriate physical/emotional environment
high intensity of emotions (taps with more power)
poor emotional resilience (high level of residue water)
43
how can emotional overflow be prevented?
create good emotional capacity - appropriate breeding/rearing
good socialisation/habituation
good emotional resilience (encourage drainage behaviour)
optimise understanding/knowledge of owners
44
define emotional intelligence
capacity to be aware, control and express ones emotions
45
what does teaching emotional intelligence involve?
exposure of young animals to a variety of contexts and rewarding the appropriate response
46
what are the ways of increasing the distance of an animal from a trigger?
repulsion (fight)
| avoidance (flight)
47
what is the aim of repulsion?
increase distance from and decrease interaction with the trigger
48
how is repulsion achieved?
influencing the trigger to take action (move away)
49
what are some repulsion responses?
growling
hissing
air snapping
biting
50
what is the aim of avoidance?
increase the distance from and decrease the interaction with a trigger
51
how is avoidance achieved?
the individual taking action to move away
52
what are they ways of gathering more information from a trigger?
appeasement
| behavioural inhibition
53
what is the aim of appeasement?
increase the availability of information about a trigger
54
how is appeasement achieved?
actively interacting to gather information and offer signs of non-hostility
55
what are some examples of appeasement?
jumping up
attention seeking
urinate on greeting (give out scent)
56
what is behavioural inhibitors?
behavioural shut down where the animal doesn't interact with the trigger but continues to gather information (passive)
57
when do animals use behavioural inhibition (passive gathering of information)?
when the trigger is overwhelming in terms of magnitude, speed of approach and proximity
58
what animals use inhibition and appeasement very regularly?
socially obligate animals (want to socialise even if there is negative emotions)
59
what is behavioural inhibition often misinterpreted as?
being relaxed
60
what is appeasement often misinterpreted as?
affection/trust
61
what is often related to whether a behavioural response is problematic or not?
the intensity
62
when determining if a behavioural response is problematic, what needs to be determined?
if the emotional response is justified by the context
if the behavioural response is justified by the emotion
if the behavioural response is within normal limits in intensity/duration
63
what is cognitive health important for when relating to behavioural medicine?
establishing innate/reflex behaviours
developing appropriate emotional associations with objects, people, animals
developing behaviours that are compatible with domestic living
64
what are the forms of learning?
classical (pavlovian)
| operant
65
what are the two main features of classical conditioning?
involuntary or reflex response
| doesn't involve reward
66
describe the stages of classical conditioning
an unconditioned stimuli leads to an unconditioned response, repeated exposure to this unconditioned stimuli then leads to a conditioned stimuli which causes a conditioned response
67
what is an example of classical conditioning?
house training a puppy
68
what is the unconditional stimulus when house training a puppy?
full bladder/bowel
69
what is the unconditioned response when house training a puppy?
urination/defeacation
70
what is the conditioned stimulus when house training a puppy?
substrate (grass) and location (outside)
71
what can using punishment during house training a puppy lead to?
animal not toilet in front of people
| eating faeces
72
what are the learning processes involved in classical conditioning in emotional healthcare?
socialisation and habituation
73
what is the aim of classical conditioning in preventative emotional healthcare?
decrease salience (emotional flow rate)
encourage positive/neutral social response
reduce negative emotional responses
74
what is very important factor of effective socialisation and habituation?
animal must be in a positive emotional bias
75
what happens if the animal is in a negative emotional bias during socialisation/habituation?
sensitisation
76
what is the species specific behaviour that should be remembered during socialisation/habituation?
they are social obligate - socialisation needs to be activ
77
what are important factors for achieving appropriate socialisation/habituation for puppies?
rearing environment resembles ultimate home
| suitable environmental/social stimuli
78
what is the species specific behaviour that should be remembered during socialisation/habituation of cats?
social but not obligate - socialisation with human is priority over other cats
79
how are social interactions between cats described?
low intensity an high frequency
80
what are the three events involved in operant (instrumental) conditioning?
stimulus
response
consequence
81
what are some commonly reported operant conditioning related problems in emotionally healthy pets?
lack of recall
pulling on lead
not getting down from furniture
not release objects
82
why does operant conditioning go wrong?
```
lack of consistency
lack of patiences
poor training environment
inappropriate response selection
poor cue selection
poor timing of cue delivery
poor consequence selection
problems with consequence delivery
inappropriate use of punishment
```
83
what may be the issue with the selection of a consequence during operant conditioning?
not salient enough
| not appetitive for individual
84
how can the success of operant conditioning be improved?
keep it calm (low arousal)
keep it simple
keep it short
keep it fun
85
how should history for behavioural cases be taken?
chronologically (timeline including behavioural and medical)
86
what are the 4 ways in which physical disease and behavioural change may be linked?
developmental
immediate
learned
emotional
87
describe how physical disease and behavioural disease may be linked to development of the animals
severe illness in early life can effect socialisation and habituation or can develop negative associations with humans due to medication/intervention
88
what effect can endocrine imbalances have on behaviour?
cause anxiety
89
what are some behavioural consequences of chronic pain?
aggression
indoor toileting (poor mobility)
anxiety - decreased play/interaction
(these behaviours can become ritualised)
90
what physical health implications can be caused by physiological stress?
changes to mucosal integrity
alterations to immune function
alterations in weight management
perception of pain
91
what is a sign of chronic physiological stress?
repeated ill health
92
what are some common diseases associated with physiological stress?
dermatological conditions
urinary tract conditions (feline idiopathic cystitis)
GI conditions
obesity
93
what two behavioural presentations are commonly used to confirm pain?
resentment of palpation
| confrontational behaviour
94
what are the two types of acute pain that can present with behavioural change?
accidental
| surgical
95
why is it more difficult to confirm pain in cats?
they present in a much more passive way
96
what are the long term practical consequences of pain?
lead to behavioural change once pain episode is over (classical conditioning)
chronic pain can follow
97
what can influence the perception of acute pain and chronic post surgical pain?
being in a negative emotional bias
98
what are behavioural changes associated with osteoarthritis?
```
gait changes (limping/stiffness)
compromised ability to get in car
```
99
what are some systems that can cause chronic pain?
```
orthopaedic/soft tissue
periodontal
dermatological
visceral
neuropathic
```
100
what is the evolutionary benefit of chronic pain?
no benefit (maladaptive)
101
what factors influence the presence of chronic pain in the population?
surgical procedures
lack of treatment at early stage
inappropriate breeding
inappropriate housing
102
what system of the brain is involved in the physiology of pain?
limbic
103
what are some physical signs of chronic pain?
```
gait change
excessive licking/grooming
altered toileting behaviour
compromised posture
absence of behaviours (particularly cats)
```
104
what are the most readily associated emotional driven responses to chronic pain?
avoidance (flight)
repulsion (fight)
inhibition
appeasement
105
what are some displacement behaviours that indicate high emotional arousal?
shaking when not wet
yawning
stretching
lip licking
106
what is a behavioural disorder?
when the emotional response is not proportional/appropriate to the situation
107
what needs to be identified when assessing emotional health?
emotional motivation
influences on the emotion (genetics/environment)
emotional arousal
emotional resilience
108
what events should be marked on a timeline for behavioural history taking?
medical
behavioural
environmental (social/physical)
109
what should be marked on a house plan?
```
all doors and windows
access points
resting places
food/water
litter trays/toilets
```
110
what is the first stage of modifying fear-anxiety related behaviour?
reduce residual negative emotion (empty the sink)
111
how can the input of emotional triggers be reduced?
limit exposure
dilute the trigger
modify social environment
modify physical environment
112
what is the second phase of behavioural therapy?
alter the emotional response
113
how can an emotional response be modified?
neutralise the animals reaction to a problematic stimuli (desensitisation)
change animals perception of the emotional stimuli through counter-conditioning
114
what is looked at to assess emotional state?
body position
facial expression
ear position
tail position
115
what does frantic wagging of the tip of a dogs tail suggest?
it is in a negative state
116
what is windmill wagging of a dogs tail associated with?
emotional conflict
117
what are some ways in which feline natural behaviours are compromised in the home?
living with unrelated individuals
share resources
denied opportunity to hide
repeated lifting/affection
118
what are the aims of a cats development?
develop content/social cat
mutually beneficial relationship
positive relationship with vet
119
what is environmental enrichment?
providing excess of what is required
120
what is environmental optimisation?
providing environmental needs for an individual
121
what are the two components to environmental enrichment?
within the house
| outside of the house
122
what are the five pillars of feline health?
provide a safe place
provide opportunity for play/predatory behaviour
provide positive consistent/predictable human interaction
provide an environment that respects the cats sense of smell
provide multiple separate resources
123
what is there an increased risk of if an owner fails to provide a safe place for cats?
fear anxiety motivation
| frustration of desire-seeking system
124
how does a cats play motivation change after 2-3 years of age?
changes from intra-specific rough/tumble to object play
125
what needs to happen to maintain the interest of cats in play?
there must be change associated with the toy (movement/noise)
126
if there is not adequate opportunity for play/predatory behaviour for cats, what can the behavioural consequences be?
predatory behaviour towards inappropriate targets
| obesity
127
what are the most important resources for cats?
```
food
water
resting places
latrines
entry/exit points
```
128
how is neurochemistry altered?
by promoting biogenic amines
| promote inhibitory neurotransmitters
129
what are examples of biogenic amines?
catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline)
| serotonin
130
what is the main inhibitory transmitter?
GABBA
131
what cases is medication used for?
high arousal
negative emotions
compulsive responses
132
what medications influence serotonin?
tricyclic antidepressants
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors
133
what is an example off a tricyclic antidepressant?
clomipramine
134
what actions do tricyclic antidepressants have?
serotonergic
| noradrenergic
135
what should tricyclic antidepressants not be administered with?
MAOBIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
136
what is an example of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor?
fluoxetine
137
what should selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors not be administered with?
MAOBIs
138
what is an example of a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors?
trazodone
139
what should serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors not be administered with?
MAOBIs
140
why can serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors be used for situational anxiety?
they have a rapid onset on action
141
what can serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors be used in combination with?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
142
what does MAOBI stand for?
monoamine oxidase B inhibitors
143
what is the MAOBI used in veterinary medicine?
selegiline hydrochloride
144
what is the primary effect of MAOBIs?
dopaminergic (also effects serotonin and noradrenaline)
145
what drugs are primarily used for canines in situation anxiety cases?
benzodiazepines
146
what drugs can cause memory blocking?
benzodiazepines
147
what drugs can be used to treat disrupted sleep patterns?
benzodiazepines (lorazepam)
148
what benzodiazepine is commonly used in behaviour medicine?
alprazolam
149
what are the side effects of benzodiazepines?
paradoxical excitement
amnesia
hepatic side effects
150
what can dexmedotomidine be used for?
anxiolytic and sedative action to mild fears
151
what is an example of a beta blocker?
propranolol
152
what are beta blockers used for?
situational anxiety to reduce somatic effects of anxiety (reduces sensation of anxiety)
153
what are some anti-epileptics used in behavioural medicine?
imepitoin
| topiramate
154
what is used to chemical castrate dogs?
deslorelin
155
what can be used to sedate a dog prior to a home visit?
alprazolam (benzodiazepine)
| trazodone
156
what drugs are used for situational anxiety?
```
benzodiazepines
dexmedotomidine
beta blockers
gabapentin
SARI
```
157
what drugs are used for generalised anxiety?
TCA
SSRI
SARI
anti-epileptics
158
what are the two main reasons for using nutraceuticals?
influence cognitive function
| influence emotional state
159
how do nutraceuticals support cognitive dysfunction?
alter oxidative balance (antioxidants, essential fatty acids, phosphotidylserine)
160
what is the synthetic canine pheromone?
dog appeasing pheromone (adaptil)
161
what are the three synthetic feline pheromones?
feliway classic
feliway friends
feliway optimum
162
what is the emotional motivation for firework related problems?
fear-anxiety
| frustration
163
what are the three approaches to firework related problems?
prevention
management
treatment
164
how are firework related fears prevented?
creating emotional stability and encouraging positive cognitive bias
