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MOD (year 3) > Equine GI > Flashcards

Equine GI Flashcards

1
Q

what is colic?

A

abdominal pain

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2
Q

what are the clinical signs of colic?

A 
flank watching
lying down
pawing the ground
rolling
repeated getting up/down
violent thrashing
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3
Q

what is the possible pathophysiology of colic?

A

anything preventing progression of intestinal content
simple obstruction
strangulating obstruction
intravascular occlusion

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4
Q

what causes shocking severe colic cases?

A

loss of vascular supply leads to absorption of endotoxins causing SIRS (systemic inflammatory response system)

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5
Q

what are the types of colic?

A 
spasmodic
impactions
gas distention
instruction
non-strangulating infarction
inflammation
idiopathic
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6
Q

what initial advise should be given to owners with a colicing horse?

A

put in bedded walled stables
remove anything that can cause injury
allow them to roll
short periods of walking ok

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7
Q

what should be done first in violently painful colic cases?

A

assess heart rate (first)
administer IV xyalzine
history and clinical exam

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8
Q

what should be found in a history for colicing horses?

A 
signalment and pregnancy status
stereotypic behaviour
management - feeding, bedding, turnout
parasite control
dental care
medications and colic history
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9
Q

what is looked for on initial evaluation of colicing horses?

A

disturbances to bed
skin abrasions
abdominal distention

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10
Q

what is the heart rate of a horse?

A

28-44bpm

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11
Q

how should the MM of horses appear?

A

pink
CRT <2s
dark ring around gum margin

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12
Q

what is the respiratory rate of a horse?

A

12-15 bpm

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13
Q

what is the normal temperature of a horse?

A

37.5-38.5

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14
Q

what is the normal sounds of the intestine called?

A

intestinal borborygmi

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15
Q

what tests can be careered out after auscultation of the abdomen?

A 
rectal exam
abdominocentesis
nasogastric intubation
haematology
abdominal ultrasound
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16
Q

what are the most common abnormalities on rectal examination?

A 
distended SI
impacted pelvic flexure
left dorsal displacement
right dorsal displacement 
large colon torsion
caecal impaction
small colon impaction
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17
Q

where is abdominocentesis taken from?

A

ventral midline

18
Q

what colour should peritoneal fluid be?

A

straw colour (clear yellow)

19
Q

what is assessed visual regarding peritoneal fluid?

A

quantity
colour (straw colour)
clarity (clear)
ingesta present (rupture)

20
Q

what is assessed in the lab regarding peritoneal fluid?

A

total protein
white blood cell count
lactate

21
Q

what is the total protein of peritoneal fluid?

A

<20g/L

22
Q

what is the lactate of peritoneal fluid?

A

<2mmol/L

23
Q

why do nasogastric tubes need to be passed?

A

if there is an obstruction the stomach secretions will build up until the stomach ruptures

24
Q

how much fluid would cause a concern if obtained from a nasogastric tube?

A

> 2L

25
Q

what is normal PCV of a horse?

A

35-45%

26
Q

what is the normal systemic total protein of a horse?

A

60-70g/L

27
Q

what is the most common cause of neonatal colic?

A

meconium compaction

bladder rupture and congenital issue can also be seen

28
Q

what is the most common cause of colic in donkeys?

A

impaction

29
Q

when is grass sickness most commonly seen?

A

April/may

30
Q

what is equine dysautonomia?

A

grass sickness

31
Q

how much water is absorbed by the large colon each day?

A

> 100L

32
Q

how much diarrhoea is produced by a horse per day?

A

90-100L

33
Q

what possible mechanisms can lead to diarrhoea?

A 
malabsorption
increased secretion
osmotic overload
abnormal motility
extravasation of fluid (oedema)
34
Q

what does acute diarrhoea in horses indicate?

A

colitis (or typhlocolitis)

35
Q

which part of the intestine is effected to cause diarrhoea in adult horses?

A

LI always (SI alone doesn’t cause diarrhoea)

36
Q

which part of the intestine is effected to cause diarrhoea in foals?

A

LI and SI (can occur with just SI)

37
Q

can colonic pathology occur without diarrhoea?

A

yes

38
Q

what are some things that can cause chronic diarrhoea?

A 
dietary
dental disease
parasites
antimicrobials
NSAIDs
neoplasm 
sand ingestion
39
Q

what are the most common causes of acute diarrhoea?

A

idiopathic
salmonella
clostridia
drug induced

40
Q

what are the predisposing factors for acute diarrhoea?

A 
antibiotics
transport
competition
hospitalisation
surgery
stress
41
Q

what are the most important presenting signs of acute diarrhoea?

A

depression

fever

42
Q

what is the pathophysiology of acute diarrhoea?

A

fluid loss
mucosal inflammation, ischeamia and reperfusion injury
breakdown of GI mucosal barrier

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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