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MOD (year 3) > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is nutritional support?

A

method to support metabolic status of hospitalised patients

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2
Q

what are the advantages of enteral nutrition over parenteral?

A

easier
fewer complications
more economical
more physiological

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3
Q

why is malnutrition important in sick animals?

A

sick animals can’t compensate so the deficiencies are magnified (develops early in illness)

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4
Q

how should obese patients be treated in regards to nutritional support?

A

same as others

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5
Q

when does nutritional support need to be provided?

A

weight loss >10%
partial/complete anorexia >3 days
diseases causing excess catabolism

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6
Q

what are the four ways of providing enteral nutrition?

A

encourage feeding
force feeding (worst)
drugs
tube feeding

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7
Q

what are some drugs that can be used to encourage eating?

A

diazepam
mirtazapine (good in cats)
cyproheptadine

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8
Q

what are the four types of feeding tubes?

A

naso-oesophageal
oesophagostomy
gastrostomy (PEG)
enterostomy

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9
Q

how long can naso-oesophageal tubes be used for?

A

up to a week

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10
Q

what are the contraindications of naso-oesophageal tubes?

A

vomiting
no gag reflex
disease of nose/pharynx

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11
Q

how long can oesophagostomy tubes be used for?

A

couple of months

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12
Q

what are the contraindications of oesophagostomy tubes?

A

disease of oesophagus and below

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13
Q

what side is a gastrostomy tube placed on?

A

left flank

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14
Q

what its the minimum time a gastrostomy tube can be placed for?

A

7 days

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15
Q

what is the main disadvantage of an enterostomy tube?

A

needs constant feeding (no gastric reservoir)

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16
Q

what is the first stage of placing a naso-oesophageal tube?

A

place local anaesthetic down the nares

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17
Q

what direction should the naso-oesophageal tube be placed in?

A

ventromedially

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18
Q

how should the head be placed once the naso-oesophageal tube is in the nostril?

A

flex ventrally to allow tube to pass into the oesophagus

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19
Q

how can you know if the naso-oesophageal has entered the oesophagus?

A

patient swallows
draw back with empty syringe - should be a vacuum
flush with water (cough if in trachea)

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20
Q

how should a naso-oesophageal be attached to the patient?

A

through the middle of the face (between the eyes) using tape on tube and sutures

21
Q

where is an oesophagostomy tube placed?

A

right/left lateral neck (best on left)

22
Q

how are the carmalt forceps used to place an oesophagostomy tube?

A

insert them through the mouth and push out laterally then cut at this site

23
Q

what is done once the forceps have been pushed out through the skin in placing an oesophagostomy tube?

A

pull tube out through mouth then redirect back down the oesophagus past the surgical site

24
Q

what is done to check if an oesophagostomy tube is in the correct place?

A

xray

25
Q

what does PEG tube stand for?

A

percutaneous endoscopically placed gastrostomy tube

26
Q

how is a PEG tube placed?

A

needle into fundus and thread wire through, pull this out of the mouth using the endoscope, attach tube and pull it back through the fundus

27
Q

what illness would the nutrition need to be slightly adjusted?

A

burns (losing lots of protein)

28
Q

how long must you wait before feeding animals after gastrostomy or enterostomy tube placement?

A

24 hours

29
Q

how much food should be fed on day 1, 2 and 3 of tube feeding?

A

1/3 (day 1)
2/3 (day 2)
3/3 (day 3)

30
Q

what should always be done prior to feeding by a tube?

A

aspirate (see if anything from previous meal is left)

31
Q

how often and fast should meals be administered by tube feeding?

A

5 times a day over several minutes (then flush with warm water)

32
Q

when should tube feeding be stopped?

A

once voluntary intake >85% BER

33
Q

what are some complications of feeding tubes?

A

blockage
GI upset
tube dislodgement (peritonitis)
stoma infection

34
Q

what causes obesity?

A

positive energy balance (influenced by many factors)

35
Q

how is the ideal weight of an animal worked out from a BCS?

A

each score over the ideal is 10% extra weight

36
Q

is food intake or expenditure more important to weight loss?

A

controlling food intake is more effective that increasing expenditure

37
Q

is what you feed or how much you feed more important to weight loss?

A

how much

38
Q

what are the steps for calculating the energy intake a dog needs for weight loss?

A

estimate the ideal weight
calculate the maintenance energy requirements for the ideal weight
feed 60-80% of the maintenance of the ideal weight

39
Q

how much of the maintenance energy requirement for the ideal weight should an entire male dog be fed?

A

80%

40
Q

how much of the maintenance energy requirement for the ideal weight should an entire female dog be fed?

A

70%

41
Q

how much of the maintenance energy requirement for the ideal weight should neutered female dog be fed?

A

60%

42
Q

what are the steps for calculating the energy intake a cat needs for weight loss?

A

estimate the ideal weight

calculate the energy intake for ideal weight

43
Q

what is a therapeutic diet?

A

diet formulated to help animals lose weight

44
Q

what are the features of a therapeutic diet?

A

decreased energy content (low fat)
nutrients balanced for weight loss
lean tissue preservation

45
Q

how can food be changed to reduce the intake?

A

increase water content
expand with air
change shape
increase protein/fibre

46
Q

how can food be fed to increase weight loss?

A

(not in a bowl)

puzzle feeder

47
Q

what are good alternatives to feeding treats?

A

vegetables with high water content

48
Q

how often should patients receiving weight management be seen?

A

2-4 weeks (check and tailor diet/plan)

49
Q

what diet is used for maintenance of weight loss?

A

therapeutic (slightly increase)

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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