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MOD (year 3) > Equine reproduction > Flashcards

Equine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mare?

A

female horse over 4 years old

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2
Q

what type of breeder is the mare?

A

long day, seasonal, polyoestrus

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3
Q

how long is the oestrus cycle of the mare?

A

21 days

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4
Q

how long is diestrus in the mare?

A

16-17 days

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5
Q

how long does oestrus last in the mare?

A

4-6 days

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6
Q

what does the dominant follicle do once recruited?

A

produce oestrogen

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7
Q

what does oestrogen produced by the dominant follicle do?

A

induce oestrus

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8
Q

what size does the dominant follicle have to be for ovulation to occur?

A

> 35mm

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9
Q

how long does oestrus continue after ovulation?

A

24 hours

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10
Q

what does the ovulation site become after ovulation?

A

(corpus haemorrhagicum) then corpus luteum

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11
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce?

A

progesterone

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12
Q

what causes luteolysis?

A

prostaglandin

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13
Q

what is the transitional period in relation to the mare?

A

period of change from anoestrus to normal cycling

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14
Q

what will be seen on the ovaries if a mare is scanned in the transitional period?

A

bunch of grapes (follicles that eventually regress)

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15
Q

are mares fertile in the transitional period?

A

no

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16
Q

what three hormones can be used to manipulate oestrus?

A 
prostaglandins
progesterons
oestrogens
chorionic gonadotrophin
deslorelin
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17
Q

how can prostaglandins be used to manipulate the oestrus cycle?

A

induce luteolysis of a CL commencing oestrus 3-5 days later

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18
Q

how can progestogens be used to manipulate the oestrus cycle?

A

suppresses oestrus then removal leads to rebound ovarian activity (shorten oestrus)

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19
Q

what are oestrogens used for?

A

induce signs behavioural signs of oestrus (teaser mares)

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20
Q

what is chorionic gonadotrophin used for?

A

induce dominant follicle to ovulate

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21
Q

what is deslorelin used for?

A

induce ovulation in 48 hours with a follicle >30mm

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22
Q

how can light be used to manipulate oestrus?

A

16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark from 2-4 weeks before winter solstice

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23
Q

what can be used to suppress oestrus?

A 
longterm progestogens 
intra-uterine device (not encouraged)
anti GnRH vaccine 
long term CL (oxytocin injection)
plant oil in uterus
put in foal
ovariectomy
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24
Q

when should mares be served in relation to ovulation?

A

24-48 hours before

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25
Q

what are the 4 signs a mare is in oestrus?

A

dominant follicle on one ovary
uterine oedema
soft oedematous cervix
behavioural signs

26
Q

if a mare is in oestrus when scanned, when should you next scan her?

A

24-48 hours later

27
Q

if a mare isn’t in oestrus when scanned, what should be done?

A

prostaglandin and scan in 3-5 days

28
Q

how does the dominant follicle appear just before ovulation?

A

softer and pointing

29
Q

how does oedema of the uterus appear appear 24 hours prior to ovulation?

A

starts to decrease

30
Q

how long after mating should a mare be scanned?

A

12-24 hours

31
Q

what should be looked for on a post mating scan?

A

has ovulation occurred (only one)

check for fluid in uterine lumen (endometritis)

32
Q

what three mechanisms of perineal conformation are important for prevention of bacterial entry?

A

vulval seal
vestibular seal
cervical competence

33
Q

what can failure of the vulval and vestibular seal lead to?

A

pneumovagina leading to urovagina causing cervicitis and endometritis

34
Q

what is the most common procedure used in mares with poor perineal conformation?

A

casslicks vulvoplasty

35
Q

what is casslicks vulvoplasty?

A

suture the vulva lips together (as much as necessary)

36
Q

what effect does a persistent CL have?

A

no oestrus

37
Q

what are anovulatory follicles?

A

very large follicles that don’t ovulate causing prolonged oestrus (prolonged luteal phase if they ovulate)

38
Q

what are the three types of endometritis?

A

chronic infectious metritis
free fluid in lumen
mating induced endometritis

39
Q

how long does the fertilised conceptus stay in the oviducts for?

A

5 days

40
Q

what can be done to treat mating induced endometritis?

A 
(should be self limiting)
uterine lavage
oxytocin
intrauterine antibiotics
AI
41
Q

what is the gestation period of a mare?

A

336 days

42
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

ampulla of oviduct

43
Q

what does the embryo do when it enters the uterus?

A

migrates around for 15 days

44
Q

what is the migration of the embryo around the uterus essential for?

A

maternal recognition of pregnancy (prevention of prostaglandin release)

45
Q

when does placental attachment begin?

A

36 days

46
Q

what produces progesterone to maintain the pregnancy?

A

CL

47
Q

what maintains the primary CL during pregnancy?

A

eCG from endometrial cups

48
Q

how long do CLs maintain the pregnancy for?

A

first 5 months

49
Q

what maintains the pregnancy after CLs have degenerated?

A

progesterone from foetal placenta

50
Q

how early does a mare need to be aborted if breeding wants to be done again in the same season?

A

before day 35 (before endometrial cups form)

51
Q

how long after mating can a mare be put back to the stallion to see if oestrus behaviour has returned?

A

14-21 days (some still show signs if pregnant)

52
Q

what substances in blood can be used to confirm pregnancy?

A 
eCG (45-90 days)
oestrone sulphate (120+ days)
53
Q

what produces oestrone sulphate?

A

foetus (confirm viability and pregnancy)

54
Q

what size is the foetus for manual palpation on day 20?

A

marble

55
Q

what size is the foetus for manual palpation on day 40?

A

grapefruit

56
Q

when should a first pregnancy diagnosis scan be done?

A

15-16 days (check twins)

57
Q

when should a second pregnancy diagnosis scan be done?

A

24-26 days (heartbeat visible) - check twins and can terminate

58
Q

when should a third pregnancy diagnosis scan be done?

A

6 weeks

59
Q

when is the best time to do a pregnancy diagnosis scan if only one is being done?

A

28-35 days

60
Q

how far into gestation can transabdominal ultrasound be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

6 months

61
Q

what is early embryonic death?

A

death from fertilisation to day 40

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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