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MOD (year 3) > Diagnostic imaging > Flashcards

Diagnostic imaging Flashcards

1
Q

what are the five radiographic opacities?

A 
air (black)
fat
soft tissue/fluid
mineral (bone)
metallic (white)
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2
Q

what are the five basic radiographic signs of abnormalities looked for in a systematic evaluation?

A 
number
size
shape
location
opacity
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3
Q

what must be assessed to ensure completeness of a radiographic study?

A

correct patient and region
complete study (two orthogonal views)
identify and label radiographs
assess image quality

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4
Q

what is assessed for when looking at imagine quality?

A 
exposure
collimation (all four edges)
position (straight and well centred)
contrast
artefacts
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5
Q

what is the first stage of assessing the radiograph?

A

searching the radiograph for lesions

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6
Q

what is the second part of assessing the radiographic image?

A

descriptions (report findings)

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7
Q

how in depth description of a radiograph have to be?

A

sufficient enough for someone to mentally reconstruct the image
significant aspects systematically described

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8
Q

do normal features on a radiographic imagine need describing?

A

no, if it isn’t described its considered normal

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9
Q

when assessing the shape of a lesion, what must be described?

A

overall shape
shape of margins
definition of margins

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10
Q

what interpretive principles can be applied to radiographs?

A

mass effect - if something changes in size it will have an effect on the surrounding structures
effacement - loss of normal contrasting opacity
multiple lesions - single lesions are rare
specific signs

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11
Q

what are some limitations of radiographic imaging?

A

2D representation of 3D structure
only shows change in anatomy no other information
only a small snapshot in time (lesion might not appear at some times)
no information about function

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12
Q

what property of an ultrasound wave determines how well it penetrates tissue?

A

wavelength (frequency)

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13
Q

what does the amount of reflection of ultrasound waves by tissue depend on?

A

echo-density of the tissue (bone reflects fully)

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14
Q

what are the three types of head of an ultrasound probe?

A

linear
convex
sector

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15
Q

what does high ultrasound wave frequency correlate to?

A

higher resolution

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16
Q

what are artefact due to reflection called on ultrasound?

A

reverberation

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17
Q

when is reverberation on ultrasound useful?

A

useful to tell the widest part of a tube

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18
Q

what are the artefacts due to refraction of ultrasounds effect?

A

position a structure is viewed

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19
Q

what are the three possible outcomes of a dominant follicle in a cow?

A

ovulate
turnover (regress then grow again)
cystic

20
Q

what is the first diagnostic information to determine when ultra sounding cattle ovaries?

A

is there a CL, cyst or follicle

21
Q

when do we ultrasound scan cows for reproductive purposes?

A

earlier the better but later is more accurate as to whether the animal will produce a live calf

22
Q

where will the uterus be found if the animal is pregnant?

A

over the pelvic brim

23
Q

what are clues in the cattle uterus that the animal is pregnant?

A

CL on ovary that last ovulated
fetus in uterine horn
fluid in the horn

24
Q

roughly what ages is the amniotic vesicle visible in cattle ultrasound?

A

day 40

25
Q

what ways can foetuses be ages?

A

crown-rump length
biparietal distance
trunk diameter

26
Q

how can cattle foetuses be sexed?

A

genital tubercle migrates at around day 56

just behind umbilicus in males and between hind legs and tail in females

27
Q

what are some common uterine abnormalities that cause cloudy fluid?

A

mucometra
endometritis
pyometra

28
Q

what types of imaging modalities can be used in equine?

A 
radiography
nuclear scintigraphy
ultrasonography
MRI
CT
29
Q

what is radiography mainly used to image?

A 
bone
articular and periarticular structure
soft tissue (swelling and mineralisation)
30
Q

what is kVp on a radiography machine?

A

speed of electrons

31
Q

what is mA on a radiography machine?

A

number of electrons release

32
Q

what is S on a radiography machine?

A

time

33
Q

what should be reported first when reading radiographic films, before the report?

A

area that has been imaged

quality of the film

34
Q

what are the three phases of a film report?

A

recognition (search)
descriptive (report)
interpretation (differential diagnosis)

35
Q

what should be analysed when discussing film quality?

A 
positioning
collimation
contrast
exposure
labelling
artefacts
(Pink Camels Collect Extra Large Apples)
36
Q

what is the recognition phase of a film report?

A

systematic search to identify abnormal findings, normal findings and normal variations

37
Q

what is the descriptive phase of a film report?

A

categories finding according to radiographic signs

38
Q

what are the radiographic signs used to categorise the descriptive phase of radiographic findings?

A 
size
shape
position
number
margination
opacity
39
Q

what is described in the interpretation phase of a film report?

A

history
signalment
clinical signs
diagnostic tests

40
Q

what is ultrasonography used to image mainly in equine medicine?

A

tendons and ligaments

41
Q

how can the contact area for ultrasound scanning be improved?

A

clip and clean skin
ultrasound gel
standoff
alcohol (not clipped)

42
Q

what aspects of lesions are described when looking at ultrasound?

A 
size
shape
position
number
margination
echogenicity
43
Q

what is nuclear medicine (gamma scintigraphy) used for in equine medicine?

A

detect areas of actively turning over of bone

44
Q

how does gamma scintigraphy work?

A

polyphosphonate (body thinks of it as calcium) is labeled and put into body, the machine can then pick this up where it is being used

45
Q

what are the phases of scanning of gamma scintigraphy?

A

phase I - blood pool (rarely used)
phase II - soft tissue
phase III - bone

46
Q

what is the major issue of using MRI for horses?

A

MRI machines can’t fit the whole horse through (mainly used for feet)

47
Q

what are the advantages of MRI use in equine medicine?

A

highly detailed

specific and sensitive diagnosis

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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