FA reproduction/neonatology

Question 1

what are the common perinatal physiological problems?

Answer 1

inactivity/lethargy
hypoglycaemia
hypothermia
acidosis
hypoxaemia 
(all linked)

Question 2

how fast should a calf reach sternal recumbency?

Answer 2

within 5 minutes

Question 3

what are some ways of stimulating breathing in a calf?

Answer 3

straw in nose/rub
cold water in ear
acupuncture on philtrum

Question 4

what is contained in colostrum?

Answer 4

fat 
protein
vitamns/minerals
IgG (immune cells)
growth factors, cytokines, enzymes

Question 5

what are the four Qs for colostrum?

Answer 5

quantity
quality
quickly
squeaky clean

Question 6

what can be used to assess colostrum quality?

Answer 6

refractometer

colostrometer/hydrometer

Question 7

what do colostrometers measure?

Answer 7

the density of colostrums (high density is better)

Question 8

how much colostrum should be fed at each feed?

Answer 8

5-10% of bodyweight (2-3L)

Question 9

when are the first two feeds of colostrum given?

Answer 9

within two hours of birth

6-12 hours of birth

Question 10

when are calves most at risk of disease?

Answer 10

at weaning

Question 11

when can frozen colostrum be collected?

Answer 11

first milk only (from low risk Johnes cows)

Question 12

why may failure of passive transfer occur?

Answer 12

insufficient feeding, IgG production failure, absorption failure

Question 13

what is failure of passive transfer defined by?

Answer 13

IgG < 1g/L

Question 14

when can calves be tested for failure of passive transfer?

Answer 14

day 2-7 post calving (bloods)

Question 15

what are the routes of infection of navel ill?

Answer 15

navel

oro-respiratory

Question 16

what are possible sequelae of navel ill?

Answer 16

peritonitis
septicaemia
poly arthritis (joint-ill)

Question 17

how does peritonitis appear on ultrasound of the abdomen?

Answer 17

increased peritoneal fluid

fibrin strands

Question 18

how can joint ill be treated?

Answer 18

long course antibiotics (2 weeks)
joint lavage
anti-inflammatories

Question 19

what is the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia?

Answer 19

bacteraemia - bacteria in blood

septicaemia - bacteria multiplying in blood

Question 20

what are possible causes of septicaemia in cal es?

Answer 20

E. coli
actinomyces
staphylococcus
salmonella

Question 21

what aged calves is septicaemia usually seen in?

Answer 21

1-5 days old

Question 22

what is the prognosis of septicaemia in calves?

Answer 22

very poor (supportive care)

Question 23

what are two common abnormalities associated with BVD?

Answer 23

cataracts

cerebellar hypoplasia

Question 24

what is the organism that causes calf diphtheria?

Answer 24

fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 25

what age calves is abomasa bloat seen in?

Answer 25

1-2 weeks old

Question 26

what could cause right sided abdominal swelling?

Answer 26

``` abomasal bloat abdominal catastrophe (torsion, volvulus...) ```

Question 27

how can a gaseous rumen bloat be treated?

Answer 27

pass stomach tube | fistula

Question 28

how can abomasal bloat be treated?

Answer 28

sedate and role onto back

Question 29

what five agents cause the majority of calf scours?

Answer 29

``` rotavirus coronavirus crytposporidia E. coli Salmonella ```

Question 30

how does rotavirus and coronavirus cause diarrhoea?

Answer 30

damages intestinal lining cause milk malabsorption, fluid and electrolyte loss

Question 31

how does E. coli cause diarrhoea?

Answer 31

toxins stimulate hypersecretion of water and electrolytes from cells

Question 32

what is dysentery?

Answer 32

diarrhoea with mucus/blood

Question 33

what are the host defences against diarrhoea?

Answer 33

passive immunity (colostrum) healthy gut flora healthy mucosa

Question 34

what environmental factors will influence calves developing diarrhoea?

Answer 34

pathogen load (spatial, time) calving area hygiene/cleaning inside/outside

Question 35

how can feeding cold milk lead to bloating?

Answer 35

won't trigger oesophageal grove so milk goes into rumen

Question 36

what vaccinations are available for the dam to protect against the causes of neonatal diarrhoea?

Answer 36

E. coli rotavirus coronavirus

Question 37

what aged calves is coccidiosis usually seen in?

Answer 37

>21 days

Question 38

what is used to treat coccidiosis?

Answer 38

sulphonamides | diclazuril

Question 39

what are the clinical signs of coccidiosis in calves?

Answer 39

dark scour | tenesmus

Question 40

what aged calves are effected by necrotic enteritis?

Answer 40

2-6 months old

Question 41

what are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis?

Answer 41

pyrexia pale MM thrombocytopenia leucopenia

Question 42

what are the clinical signs of peri-weaning scour syndrome?

Answer 42

pasty scour, poor growth, bloat

Question 43

what are the pathophysiological effects of diarrhoea?

Answer 43

dehydration/hypovolaemia metabolic acidosis hyperkalaemia hypoglycaemia

Question 44

what can be used to assess dehydration in a calf?

Answer 44

demeanour position of globe skin test total protein

Question 45

when may dehydration cause a problem for total protein measuring?

Answer 45

when measuring for failure of passive transfer can give inaccurate results

Question 46

what are the therapeutic targets of fluid therapy for a diarrheic calf?

Answer 46

``` correct hypovolaemia correct metabolic acidosis correct hypoglycaemia correct pre-renal failure (save life not stop diarrhoea) ```

Question 47

should milk replacer be given with fluid therapy?

Answer 47

yes (but give separately - predispose to bloat)

Question 48

what are the four major requirements of electrolyte solutions for fluid therapy?

Answer 48

``` sodium to norm alise ECF volume substance to facilitate absorption of sodium/water from intestines alkalinising agent to correct metabolic acidosis give energy (most in negative energy balance) ```

Question 49

what are the advantages of using VFA over bicarbonate in electrolyte solutions?

Answer 49

they facilitate sodium/water absorption produce energy when metabolised don't alkalinise the abomasum don't interfere with milk clotting

Question 50

when calves should IV fluids be used in?

Answer 50

unable to stand severe acidosis failure to improve from oral fluids severely dehydrated (even if standing)

Question 51

what are examples of volume expanding fluids?

Answer 51

plasma like sodium chloride sodium bicarbonate

Question 52

what is the best alkalinising agent to use in IV fluids?

Answer 52

bicarbonate

Question 53

should antibacterials be used for calf diarrhoea?

Answer 53

no - most pathogens are viral or protozoal