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MOD (year 3) > SA reproduction > Flashcards

SA reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

when does the bitch begin cycling?

A

6-18 months

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2
Q

what is the average oestrous cycle of a bitch?

A

6 months

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3
Q

what are the stages of oestrous?

A

proestrus (9 days)
oestrus (9 days)
dioestrus (60 days)
anoestrus (100-150 days)

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4
Q

what stages of the oestrous cycle is described as in-heat?

A

proestrus and oestrus (21 days)

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of proestrus?

A

serosanguinous vulval discharge
vulva swelling
attract but reject males

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of oestrus?

A

reduced vulval swelling
serous/brown vulval discharge
accept male

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7
Q

what is the most common stage of the oestrous cycle to see pyometras?

A

diestrus

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8
Q

what is follicular development during proestrus stimulated by?

A

FSH and LH pulses

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9
Q

what happens to oestrogen during proestrus?

A

rises throughout then peaks at the end

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10
Q

what does the peak of oestrogen at the end of proestrus trigger?

A

LH surge

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11
Q

what does the LH surge at the end of proestrus trigger?

A

ovulation

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12
Q

how long after the LH surge does ovulation occur?

A

24-48 hours

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13
Q

what hormone begins to rise after the LH surge?

A

progesterone

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14
Q

what hormone is dominant in diestrus?

A

progesterone

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15
Q

what causes vulval swelling during proestrus?

A

oestrogen

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16
Q

how is vaginal cytology carried out?

A

moistened cotton swab aimed dorsally into the vagina

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17
Q

what type of cells are looked at during vaginal cytology?

A

cornified

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18
Q

what is cornification?

A

process of cells moving from deep to superficial epithelium

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19
Q

what is the appearance of a parabasal cell?

A

large nuclei and smooth edges

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20
Q

what are the cornified cells in vaginal cytology?

A

superficial and anuclear

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21
Q

what is the appearance of an intermediate cell?

A

smaller nucleus with slightly irregular cell shape

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22
Q

what are the findings on vaginal cytology during proestrus?

A

parabasal and intermediate cells (slowly increasing)

RBCs and neutrophils

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23
Q

what are the findings on vaginal cytology during oestrus?

A

100% anuclear and superficial cells (cornified)

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24
Q

what are the findings on vaginal cytology during dioestrus?

A

drop to 50% cornified cells

neutrophils

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25
Q

what hormone is used for oestrus detection in dogs?

A

progesterone

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26
Q

how does the vaginal mucosa change as oestrogen rises during proestrus?

A

becomes oedematous

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27
Q

how does the vaginal mucosa appear when there is a rapid oestrogen decline in oestrus?

A

oedema deflates causing wrinkles

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28
Q

what type of breeders are cats?

A

seasonal polyoestrus induced ovulators

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29
Q

what is the additional stage of the oestrous cycle in cats?

A

interoestrus (if not induced to ovulate)

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30
Q

what are the possible risks of neutering female dogs?

A 
intra-op complications
ovarian remnant syndrome
transitional cell carcinoma 
urethral sphincter mechanisms incompetence (USMI)
osteosarcoma
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31
Q

what is urethral sphincter mechanisms incompetence (USMI)?

A

reduction in urethral closure pressure (can happen years after)

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32
Q

how can urethral sphincter mechanisms incompetence (USMI) be treated?

A

propalin

estriol

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33
Q

what does ovarian remnant syndrome lead to?

A

continued secretion of reproductive hormones (oestrus behaviour)
uterine stump pyometra
neoplasm

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34
Q

when is the best time to spay small breed dogs?

A

before first season (6 months) - after they’ve stopped growing

35
Q

when is the best time to spay medium breed dogs?

A

before first season (6 months) - after they’ve stopped growing

36
Q

what are possible complications of castrating dos?

A 
surgical risk 
neoplasia 
transitional cell carcinoma
worsening behaviour
osteosarcoma
37
Q

what is the most common bacterial isolated from canine pyometra?

A

E. coli

38
Q

what effects does progesterone have on the uterine tissues that predispose to pyometra?

A 
endometrial hyperplasia
cervical closure
reduced myometrial contractility
hormone sensitivity (positive feedback loop)
decreased WBC function
39
Q

what are two common presentations of severe pyoemtra?

A 
hypovolaemic shock
distributive shock (blood pumped away from organs)
40
Q

what are the clinical signs of distributive shock?

A

tachycardia
red MM and rapid CRT
good pulse

41
Q

what are possible changes in WBC count seen with pyometra?

A

leucocytosis - response to infection

leucopenia - increased consumption (poor prognosis)

42
Q

what is a common finding on biochemistry in pyometra cases?

A

azotaemia (normally pre-renal)

43
Q

what is the main cell type found on vaginal cytology of pyometra cases?

A

degenerate neutrophils (intracellular bacteria)

44
Q

when may medical management be used for pyometra cases?

A

young animals to avoid surgery when cycling

delay surgery until animal is stable

45
Q

what precautions need to be taken with a pyometra surgery?

A 
appropriate anaesthetic (hypovolaemic)
friable tissue
pack cavity with swabs incase of spill (flush)
46
Q

what are the aims of medically managing pyometra?

A

minimse progesterones effect
eliminate uterine infection
remove uterine content (myometrial contraction)

47
Q

what drugs can be used for medical treatment of pyometra?

A 
prostaglandins
dopamine agonists
receptor blockers (aglepristone)
48
Q

what should the owners be aware of if medically treating pyometras?

A

cost

fertility issues

49
Q

what is the cause of stump pyometra?

A

ovarian remnant

50
Q

what are the clinical signs of ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

oestrus behaviour

stump pyometra

51
Q

what test can be done to test fr ovarian remnant syndrome of there are signs of oestrus?

A

give GnRH and measure oestradiol before and after

52
Q

what can be tested for in blood to confirm ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

anti-mullerian hormone and progesterone

53
Q

what are the clinical signs of pseudopregnancy?

A

lactation
behavioural signs
inappetence

54
Q

what are non-medical ways of managing pseudopregnancy?

A 
increase exercise
remove toys (if mothering)
55
Q

what can be used to medically treat pseudopregnancy?

A

cabergoline

56
Q

what should not be used to treat pseudopregnancy?

A

spaying (drop in progesterone sustains pseudopregnancy)

57
Q

what is used to treat misalliance medically up to day 45 post mating?

A

aglepristone (2 doses 24 hours apart)

58
Q

how can misalliance be treated surgically?

A

ovariohysterectomy (same as pyometra)

59
Q

what is done to treat juvenile vagintits?

A

self limiting (no antibiotics)

60
Q

what is the gestation length of a dog from the LH surge?

A

65 days

61
Q

what is the gestation period of a dog from ovulation?

A

63 days

62
Q

what is the gestation period of a dog from mating?

A

57-73 days

63
Q

how far into gestation can ultrasound be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

day 25

64
Q

when can heart beat of a puppy be detected on ultrasound?

A

day 25

65
Q

what are the limitations of using ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?

A

can’t foetal count

can see false negatives (too early)

66
Q

how far into gestation can radiography be used to confirm pregnancy?

A

day 45 (ossification)

67
Q

how long is stage 1 of parturition?

A

6-36 hours

68
Q

what happens to hormones during stage 1 of parturition?

A

progesterone drops and prolactin rises

69
Q

what are the clinical signs of stage 1 of parturition?

A

temperature drop
restless, anxious
nesting
milk production

70
Q

what marks the start of stage 2 of parturition?

A

rupture of allenochorion of fist puppy

71
Q

what is stage 3 of parturition?

A

expulsion of placenta

72
Q

what are signs of foetal distress?

A

meconium

green vaginal discharge (placental detachment)

73
Q

what are examples of maternal factors causing dystocia?

A 
primary/secondary inertia
physical obstruction (narrow pelvis...)
74
Q

what are examples of foetal factors causing dystocia?

A

oversized foetus
malpresentation
malformation

75
Q

what is primary uterine inertia?

A

failure to start stage 2 of labour (no contractions/puppies)

76
Q

what is secondary uterine inertia?

A

failure to progress through second stage of labour (prolonged contractions)

77
Q

what can cause secondary uterine inertia?

A

lack of oxytocin
lack of glucose/calcium
maternal exhaustion

78
Q

what considerations are important when anaesthetising a bitch for caesarian?

A

higher oxygen demand
higher CO
risk of venous obstruction from uterus
hypothermia

79
Q

should pre-mediaction be given for caesarians?

A

no (might have to but use something reversible for pups)

80
Q

what are the characteristics wanted in an induction drug for caesarian?

A

rapid onset
rapidly metabolised
titrated to effect

81
Q

what two drugs can be used to induce caesarians?

A

propofol

alfaxalone

82
Q

wha positions should a patient be in when carrying out a caesarian?

A

elevate thorax (drop abdominal content away from diaphragm)

83
Q

what drugs can be used to deliver systemic analgesia for caesarians?

A

NSAIDs
opioids
paracetamol
(give after procedure)

84
Q

why should care be taken when using opioids for analgesia during caesarians?

A

passes into the milk (give after procedure)

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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