SA reproduction

Question 1

when does the bitch begin cycling?

Answer 1

6-18 months

Question 2

what is the average oestrous cycle of a bitch?

Answer 2

6 months

Question 3

what are the stages of oestrous?

Answer 3

proestrus (9 days)
oestrus (9 days)
dioestrus (60 days)
anoestrus (100-150 days)

Question 4

what stages of the oestrous cycle is described as in-heat?

Answer 4

proestrus and oestrus (21 days)

Question 5

what are the clinical signs of proestrus?

Answer 5

serosanguinous vulval discharge
vulva swelling
attract but reject males

Question 6

what are the clinical signs of oestrus?

Answer 6

reduced vulval swelling
serous/brown vulval discharge
accept male

Question 7

what is the most common stage of the oestrous cycle to see pyometras?

Answer 7

diestrus

Question 8

what is follicular development during proestrus stimulated by?

Answer 8

FSH and LH pulses

Question 9

what happens to oestrogen during proestrus?

Answer 9

rises throughout then peaks at the end

Question 10

what does the peak of oestrogen at the end of proestrus trigger?

Answer 10

LH surge

Question 11

what does the LH surge at the end of proestrus trigger?

Answer 11

ovulation

Question 12

how long after the LH surge does ovulation occur?

Answer 12

24-48 hours

Question 13

what hormone begins to rise after the LH surge?

Answer 13

progesterone

Question 14

what hormone is dominant in diestrus?

Answer 14

progesterone

Question 15

what causes vulval swelling during proestrus?

Answer 15

oestrogen

Question 16

how is vaginal cytology carried out?

Answer 16

moistened cotton swab aimed dorsally into the vagina

Question 17

what type of cells are looked at during vaginal cytology?

Answer 17

cornified

Question 18

what is cornification?

Answer 18

process of cells moving from deep to superficial epithelium

Question 19

what is the appearance of a parabasal cell?

Answer 19

large nuclei and smooth edges

Question 20

what are the cornified cells in vaginal cytology?

Answer 20

superficial and anuclear

Question 21

what is the appearance of an intermediate cell?

Answer 21

smaller nucleus with slightly irregular cell shape

Question 22

what are the findings on vaginal cytology during proestrus?

Answer 22

parabasal and intermediate cells (slowly increasing)

RBCs and neutrophils

Question 23

what are the findings on vaginal cytology during oestrus?

Answer 23

100% anuclear and superficial cells (cornified)

Question 24

what are the findings on vaginal cytology during dioestrus?

Answer 24

drop to 50% cornified cells

neutrophils

Question 25

what hormone is used for oestrus detection in dogs?

Answer 25

progesterone

Question 26

how does the vaginal mucosa change as oestrogen rises during proestrus?

Answer 26

becomes oedematous

Question 27

how does the vaginal mucosa appear when there is a rapid oestrogen decline in oestrus?

Answer 27

oedema deflates causing wrinkles

Question 28

what type of breeders are cats?

Answer 28

seasonal polyoestrus induced ovulators

Question 29

what is the additional stage of the oestrous cycle in cats?

Answer 29

interoestrus (if not induced to ovulate)

Question 30

what are the possible risks of neutering female dogs?

Answer 30

``` intra-op complications ovarian remnant syndrome transitional cell carcinoma urethral sphincter mechanisms incompetence (USMI) osteosarcoma ```

Question 31

what is urethral sphincter mechanisms incompetence (USMI)?

Answer 31

reduction in urethral closure pressure (can happen years after)

Question 32

how can urethral sphincter mechanisms incompetence (USMI) be treated?

Answer 32

propalin | estriol

Question 33

what does ovarian remnant syndrome lead to?

Answer 33

continued secretion of reproductive hormones (oestrus behaviour) uterine stump pyometra neoplasm

Question 34

when is the best time to spay small breed dogs?

Answer 34

before first season (6 months) - after they've stopped growing

Question 35

when is the best time to spay medium breed dogs?

Answer 35

before first season (6 months) - after they've stopped growing

Question 36

what are possible complications of castrating dos?

Answer 36

``` surgical risk neoplasia transitional cell carcinoma worsening behaviour osteosarcoma ```

Question 37

what is the most common bacterial isolated from canine pyometra?

Answer 37

E. coli

Question 38

what effects does progesterone have on the uterine tissues that predispose to pyometra?

Answer 38

``` endometrial hyperplasia cervical closure reduced myometrial contractility hormone sensitivity (positive feedback loop) decreased WBC function ```

Question 39

what are two common presentations of severe pyoemtra?

Answer 39

``` hypovolaemic shock distributive shock (blood pumped away from organs) ```

Question 40

what are the clinical signs of distributive shock?

Answer 40

tachycardia red MM and rapid CRT good pulse

Question 41

what are possible changes in WBC count seen with pyometra?

Answer 41

leucocytosis - response to infection | leucopenia - increased consumption (poor prognosis)

Question 42

what is a common finding on biochemistry in pyometra cases?

Answer 42

azotaemia (normally pre-renal)

Question 43

what is the main cell type found on vaginal cytology of pyometra cases?

Answer 43

degenerate neutrophils (intracellular bacteria)

Question 44

when may medical management be used for pyometra cases?

Answer 44

young animals to avoid surgery when cycling | delay surgery until animal is stable

Question 45

what precautions need to be taken with a pyometra surgery?

Answer 45

``` appropriate anaesthetic (hypovolaemic) friable tissue pack cavity with swabs incase of spill (flush) ```

Question 46

what are the aims of medically managing pyometra?

Answer 46

minimse progesterones effect eliminate uterine infection remove uterine content (myometrial contraction)

Question 47

what drugs can be used for medical treatment of pyometra?

Answer 47

``` prostaglandins dopamine agonists receptor blockers (aglepristone) ```

Question 48

what should the owners be aware of if medically treating pyometras?

Answer 48

cost | fertility issues

Question 49

what is the cause of stump pyometra?

Answer 49

ovarian remnant

Question 50

what are the clinical signs of ovarian remnant syndrome?

Answer 50

oestrus behaviour | stump pyometra

Question 51

what test can be done to test fr ovarian remnant syndrome of there are signs of oestrus?

Answer 51

give GnRH and measure oestradiol before and after

Question 52

what can be tested for in blood to confirm ovarian remnant syndrome?

Answer 52

anti-mullerian hormone and progesterone

Question 53

what are the clinical signs of pseudopregnancy?

Answer 53

lactation behavioural signs inappetence

Question 54

what are non-medical ways of managing pseudopregnancy?

Answer 54

``` increase exercise remove toys (if mothering) ```

Question 55

what can be used to medically treat pseudopregnancy?

Answer 55

cabergoline

Question 56

what should not be used to treat pseudopregnancy?

Answer 56

spaying (drop in progesterone sustains pseudopregnancy)

Question 57

what is used to treat misalliance medically up to day 45 post mating?

Answer 57

aglepristone (2 doses 24 hours apart)

Question 58

how can misalliance be treated surgically?

Answer 58

ovariohysterectomy (same as pyometra)

Question 59

what is done to treat juvenile vagintits?

Answer 59

self limiting (no antibiotics)

Question 60

what is the gestation length of a dog from the LH surge?

Answer 60

65 days

Question 61

what is the gestation period of a dog from ovulation?

Answer 61

63 days

Question 62

what is the gestation period of a dog from mating?

Answer 62

57-73 days

Question 63

how far into gestation can ultrasound be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

Answer 63

day 25

Question 64

when can heart beat of a puppy be detected on ultrasound?

Answer 64

day 25

Question 65

what are the limitations of using ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?

Answer 65

can't foetal count | can see false negatives (too early)

Question 66

how far into gestation can radiography be used to confirm pregnancy?

Answer 66

day 45 (ossification)

Question 67

how long is stage 1 of parturition?

Answer 67

6-36 hours

Question 68

what happens to hormones during stage 1 of parturition?

Answer 68

progesterone drops and prolactin rises

Question 69

what are the clinical signs of stage 1 of parturition?

Answer 69

temperature drop restless, anxious nesting milk production

Question 70

what marks the start of stage 2 of parturition?

Answer 70

rupture of allenochorion of fist puppy

Question 71

what is stage 3 of parturition?

Answer 71

expulsion of placenta

Question 72

what are signs of foetal distress?

Answer 72

meconium | green vaginal discharge (placental detachment)

Question 73

what are examples of maternal factors causing dystocia?

Answer 73

``` primary/secondary inertia physical obstruction (narrow pelvis...) ```

Question 74

what are examples of foetal factors causing dystocia?

Answer 74

oversized foetus malpresentation malformation

Question 75

what is primary uterine inertia?

Answer 75

failure to start stage 2 of labour (no contractions/puppies)

Question 76

what is secondary uterine inertia?

Answer 76

failure to progress through second stage of labour (prolonged contractions)

Question 77

what can cause secondary uterine inertia?

Answer 77

lack of oxytocin lack of glucose/calcium maternal exhaustion

Question 78

what considerations are important when anaesthetising a bitch for caesarian?

Answer 78

higher oxygen demand higher CO risk of venous obstruction from uterus hypothermia

Question 79

should pre-mediaction be given for caesarians?

Answer 79

no (might have to but use something reversible for pups)

Question 80

what are the characteristics wanted in an induction drug for caesarian?

Answer 80

rapid onset rapidly metabolised titrated to effect

Question 81

what two drugs can be used to induce caesarians?

Answer 81

propofol | alfaxalone

Question 82

wha positions should a patient be in when carrying out a caesarian?

Answer 82

elevate thorax (drop abdominal content away from diaphragm)

Question 83

what drugs can be used to deliver systemic analgesia for caesarians?

Answer 83

NSAIDs opioids paracetamol (give after procedure)

Question 84

why should care be taken when using opioids for analgesia during caesarians?

Answer 84

passes into the milk (give after procedure)