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MOD (year 3) > Equine dermatology > Flashcards

Equine dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

what should be obtained from a general history?

A 
age
gender
breed
colour
management 
feed
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2
Q

what is a common skin condition seen in young horses that will disappear over time?

A

papilloma

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3
Q

what should be discussed with regards to the management when obtaining a history?

A 
other horses present
other animals
stabling
feeding 
work
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4
Q

with regards to the history of the current problem, what needs to be determined?

A

when it started
has it improved or gotten worse - changes? treatment?
what has been done to treat it - results? duration?

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5
Q

with regards to the lesions present, what needs to be established?

A

type
distribution
extent/severity
whether it is primary/secondary

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6
Q

what ways can samples be collected on a primary basis? (simple)

A

skin brush/scrape
hair pluck
adhesive tape
skin biopsy

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7
Q

what ways can samples be collected on a secondary basis? (second stage)

A

skin biopsy
intradermal skin test
blood test

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8
Q

what is skin brushing good for looking for?

A

parasites

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9
Q

what are hair plucks useful for looking for?

A

lice eggs - white dots

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10
Q

what are the reasons to do a skin biopsy?

A

if there are papules or pustules

neoplastic lesions

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11
Q

when is skin biopsy not useful?

A

immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders
ulcers and crusts
chronic lesions

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12
Q

what are the golden rules for skin biopsies?

A

try not to clip
do not scrub the skin
place small amount of local anaesthetic subcutaneously
rotate biopsy punch in one direction

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13
Q

what areas should a skin biopsy not be taken from?

A

over the coronary band

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14
Q

define pruritus

A

unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch/itch

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15
Q

what are the two things that make horses pruritic?

A

parasitic skin disease

hypersensitivity (allergies)

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16
Q

what is the most common louse found on horses?

A

Werneckiella

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17
Q

where on the horse is Werneckiella found?

A

dorsolater trunk
neck
face

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18
Q

what type of louse is Werneckiella?

A

biting

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19
Q

what does Werneckiella feed on?

A

epidermal debri

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20
Q

what sucking louse is seen on horses?

A

Haematopinus asini

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21
Q

where is Haematopinus asini seen on the horse?

A

mane
tail
fetlock
pastern

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22
Q

what does Haematopinus asini feed on?

A

blood (sucking louse)

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23
Q

what horses is Werneckiella seen in?

A

housed younger/older houses in the winter

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24
Q

how are lice transmitted?

A

direct/indirect contact

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25
Q

how can lice be diagnosed?

A

coat brush or hair pluck

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26
Q

what can be used to treat lice?

A

pyrethrins, pyrethroids, permethrin, fipronil

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27
Q

where is Chorioptes equi found on the horse?

A

distal limbs

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28
Q

what is the major clinical sign of Chorioptes equi?

A

intense pruritus with stamping/scratching/chewing of feet

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29
Q

what is a common clinical sign of Psoroptes equi in horses?

A

headshaking - mite present in ears

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30
Q

how can mites be diagnosed?

A

skin brushing

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31
Q

what can be used to treat mites?

A

inject macrocyclic lactones
topical macrocyclic lactones
topical shampoos - lime sulphur, selenium sulphate, topical ivermectin

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32
Q

when do injectable MLs need to be administered to treat mites?

A

2 injections 2 weeks apart

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33
Q

how often do topical MLs need to be administered to treat mites?

A

once every 4 weeks

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34
Q

what is the name of the poultry mite that can effect horses?

A

Dermanyssus gallinae

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35
Q

where on the body does the poultry mite effect the horse?

A

head and legs

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36
Q

what are some nematodes that can cause pruritus in horses?

A

Oxyuris equi
habronemiasis
Onchocerca cervicalis

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37
Q

what is Oxyuris equi also known as?

A

pinworm

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38
Q

what body area does the pinworm cause pruritus in?

A

perianal

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39
Q

what is used to treat Oxyuris equi?

A

anthelmintics - none specifically designed for Oxyuris

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40
Q

what is habronemiassis spread by?

A

flies that lay their larvae under the skin

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41
Q

what season is habronemiassis seen in?

A

spring/summer

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42
Q

what are the clinical signs of habronemiassis?

A

ulcerative nodules

granulation tissue with yellow granules

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43
Q

what can be used to treat habronemiassis?

A

ivermectin

corticosteroids - control hypersensitivites that may develop when larvae die under the skin

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44
Q

where do adult Onchocerca cervicalis live?

A

nuchal ligament

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45
Q

how can Onchocerca cervicalis cause hypersensitivity?

A

microfilarie migrate to the skin surface

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46
Q

what season is Onchocerca cervicalis worst?

A

spring/summer

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47
Q

where on the horses body is Onchocerca cervicalis usually seen?

A

face, neck, ventral chest, abdomen

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48
Q

what can be done to treat Onchocerca cervicalis?

A

ivermectin

corticosteroids - protect against potential hypersensitivity reaction caused by the death of the worm

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49
Q

what are the hypersensitivities that can be seen in horses?

A 
insect hypersensitivity
food allergy
contact allergy
atopy
urticaria
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50
Q

where on the animal is insect bite hypersensitivity seen?

A

main, back, tail ventrum

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51
Q

what are the risk factors that can increase the likelihood of insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

standing water

dusk/dawn

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52
Q

what are the clinical signs of food allergy?

A

pruritus
diarrhoea
respiratory disease

53
Q

how are food allergies diagnosed?

A

diet elimination

54
Q

what is done do diagnose atopy?

A

exclusion

intradermal skin testing can be helpful

55
Q

what can be done to teat atopy?

A

avoid allergen
immunotherapy
corticosteroids/antihistamines
improve skin barrier function

56
Q

what are the clinical signs of urticaria?

A

wheals
oedema
pruritus

57
Q

what is urticaria also known as?

A

hives

58
Q

what can be used to treat urticaria (hives)?

A

corticosteroids

antihistamines

59
Q

what are some common skin diseases that cause crusting, scaling erosion and/or ulceration?

A 
dermatophilosis (rain scald)
bacterial folliculitis
dermatophytosis (ringworm)
photosensitisation
leukocytoclastic vasculitis
pastern dermatitis 
pemphigus foliaceous
60
Q

what bacteria causes dermatophilosis?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

61
Q

what is dermatophilosis also known as?

A

rain scald

62
Q

describe the bacteria Dermatophilus congolensis

A

gram positive

facultative anaerobe

63
Q

what factors causes dermatophilosis?

A

chronic moisture

skin damage

64
Q

describe the lesions associated with dermatophilosis

A

crusts

moist mats of hair

65
Q

where on the body is rain scald seen?

A

back, gluteal area, face, neck extremities

66
Q

how can dermatophilosis be diagnosed?

A

cytology using a pus smear

67
Q

what can be used to treat dermatophilosis?

A 
topical antimicrobials (mild cases)
systemic antimicrobials (severe cases)
68
Q

what bacteria can cause bacterial folliculitis?

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

69
Q

how can bacterial folliculitis be diagnosed?

A

cytology and culture

70
Q

what is used to treat bacterial folliculitis?

A

topical and systemic antimicrobials depending on severity

71
Q

what is dermatophytosis more commonly known as?

A

ringworm

72
Q

what causes the pruritus in pinworm infections?

A

the substance used to glue the eggs onto the outside of the anus

73
Q

how can Oxyuris equi be diagnosed?

A

clinical signs and tape strip

74
Q

why are ticks a worry in horses?

A

due to the transmission of disease - lyme disease, babesiosis…

75
Q

what can be used to treat tick infestations?

A

fipronil spray
ivermectin
topical pyrethroids

76
Q

what is another name for insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

sweet itch

77
Q

what it insect bite hypersensitivity a hypersensitivity to?

A

female Culicoides spp. saliva

78
Q

how can insect bite hypersensitivity be treated?

A

avoid midge contact - fly repellents and rugs

reduce immune reaction - steroids (can lead to laminitis)

79
Q

what is hives?

A

small patches of oedema under the skin surface

80
Q

what does scaling looking like?

A

it is seen as dry and grey

81
Q

what is the appearance of crusting?

A

yellow, red and brown
usually wet and damp
from serous ooze

82
Q

what is the difference between erosion and ulceration?

A

erosion is superficial and ulceration is deep

83
Q

what are the characteristics of bacterial folliculitis lesions?

A

pain

oozing/wheeping lesions

84
Q

what are the two most common fungi that cause ringworm in horses?

A

Trichophyton and Microsporum

85
Q

what horses is dermatophytosis most commonly seen in?

A

young and immunocompromised

86
Q

what do the lesions of dermatophytosis look like?

A

circular well demarcated patches of alopecia with an ashy appearance

87
Q

how can ringworm be diagnosed?

A

fungal culture, PCR, microscopy

88
Q

what is used to treat ringworm?

A

topical antfungals - miconhzole, natamycin

89
Q

what are the two possible causes of photosensitisation?

A

hepatogenous - liver failure…

ingestion or application of photodynamic agent

90
Q

on what areas of skin is photosensitisation most common?

A

areas of white hair

91
Q

what is used to treat photosensitisation?

A

treat liver disease

removal of photodynamic agent

92
Q

what lesion could be linked to photosensitisation?

A

leukocytoclastic vasculitis

93
Q

where does leukocytoclastic vasculitis effect?

A

the lateral distal limbs of horses (white hair)

94
Q

what can be done to diagnose leukocytoclastic vasculitis?

A

clinical signs

skin biopsy

95
Q

what can be done to treat leukocytoclastic vasculitis?

A

avoid exposure to light

corticosteroids

96
Q

what is meant by pastern dermatitis?

A

a skin condition seen on the pastern - can have many causes

97
Q

what type of disease is Pemphigus foliaceous?

A

autoimmune disease

98
Q

what is the major clinical sign of Pemphigus foliaceous?

A

severe crusting

99
Q

what is used to treat Pemphigus foliaceous?

A

immunosuppressive drugs (steroids)

100
Q

what are the most common cutaneous swellings, nodules and tumours seen in horses?

A 
viral papillomatosis
warbles
genetic/developmental
eosinophilic granuloma 
tumours - sarcoid, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma...
101
Q

what are two examples of viral papillomatosis?

A

grass warts

Pinnae Acanthosis

102
Q

what is the treatment of grass warts and pinnae acanthosis?

A

no need to treat, regress on their own and is purely cosmetic

103
Q

what are the species of warbles that cause nodules on the skin?

A

Hypoderma bovis and lineatum

104
Q

what is used to treat warbles?

A

ivermectin

surgical removal

105
Q

what nodular skin condition is notifiable?

A

warbles

106
Q

what are some genetic/developmental skin masses/nodules?

A

dentigerous cyst
atheroma
dermoid cyst
vascular hamartoma

107
Q

what is a dentigerous cyst?

A

small cyst of an embryonic remanent around the head area of the house, often containing teeth or hair

108
Q

what is an atheroma?

A

a growth on the inside of the false nostril - don’t normally cause problems but can be removed because of cosmetics

109
Q

what can cause an eosinophilic granuloma?

A

hypersensitivity reaction to insect bites, trauma or anything else causing necrosis of collagen

110
Q

what are some common skin tumours?

A

sarcoid
melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma

111
Q

what are sarcoids made of?

A

fibroblasts

112
Q

what are thought to be possible risk factors/causes of sarcoids?

A

bovine papillomavirus 1/2
genetic predisposition
flies

113
Q

how many clinical presentations of sarcoids is there?

A

6

114
Q

what are the 6 clinical presentations of sarcoids?

A 
occult
verrucose
nodular
fibroblastic
mixed
malignant
115
Q

describe an occult sarcoid

A

alopecic faded area of skin that turns scaly/dark

116
Q

describe a verrucose sarcoid

A

alopecic faded area of skin that turns scaly/dark with a lumpy/warty appearance

117
Q

describe a nodular sarcoid

A

small growths under the skin

118
Q

how can sarcoids be diagnosed?

A

biopsy

clinical presentation

119
Q

why should care be taken when taking a biopsy of a sarcoid?

A

can exacerbate then - be prepared to treat quickly

120
Q

what can be used to treat sarcoids?

A 
brachytherapy
surgery/laser removal
cytotoxic
photodynamic therapy
(lots of therapies because none of them work very well)
121
Q

what are the general rules for sarcoid prognosis?

A

more they have the more they get
multiply over summer and grow in winter
single sarcoid indicates genetic susceptibility

122
Q

what horses are melanoma most common in?

A

grey horses over 15 years old

123
Q

where are most melanomas located in horses?

A

perineum, tail head, parotid region

can appear anywhere

124
Q

are melanomas benign or malignant?

A

mostly benign but some are malignant

125
Q

how care melanomas diagnosed?

A

clinical signs and biopsy

126
Q

what can be done to treat melanomas?

A

surgical excision - sooner rather than later

immunotherapy

127
Q

where do squamous cell carcinomas commonly grow on horses?

A

external genitalia
eye
(other locations possible)

128
Q

how are squamous cell carcinomas treated?

A

surgical excision
cryotherapy
chemotherapy

129
Q

where are cutaneous lymphomas most commonly seen on horses?

A

trunk and neck

MOD (year 3) (45 decks)

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