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NURS 2514 > Week 5 - Constipation > Flashcards

Week 5 - Constipation Flashcards

1
Q

what is constipation

A
  • defined as infrequent or hard to pass bowel movements
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2
Q

what is constipation a common cause of??

A
  • painful defacation
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3
Q

what can severe constipation cause (2)?

A
  • obstipation (failure to pass stools and gas)

- fecal impaction

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4
Q

what can obstipation & fecal impaction progress to? (2)

A
  • bowel obstruction

- life-threatening

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5
Q

list 6 causes of constipation

A
  • idiopathic primary or functional constipation
  • diet
  • meds
  • metabolic & muscular
  • structural & functional abnormalities
  • psychological
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6
Q

what is idiopathic primary or functional constipation

A
  • ongoing symptoms for greater than 6 months in the absence of other cause
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7
Q

what kind of diet promotes constipation (3)

A
  • low fibre
  • low liquid
  • dieting (bc it lowers fecal bulk)
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8
Q

list a few examples of meds that cause constipation

joe said we dont have to memorize all these

A
  • opioids
  • diuretics
  • antidepressants
  • antihistamines
  • anticonvulsants
  • aluminum or calcium antacids
  • calcium channel blockers
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9
Q

list a few examples of metabolic & muscular disorders that cause constipation

(once, again dont need to memorize all these but can if you want)

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • hypothyroidism
  • DM
  • celiac
  • cystic fibrosis
  • muscular dystrophy
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10
Q

list a few examples of structural & functional abnormalitirs that cause constipation

(same thing as others)

A
  • spinal cord lesions
  • parkinsons
  • colon cancer
  • anal fissures
  • paralytic ileus
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11
Q

what is meant by psychological causes of constipation

A
  • voluntary withholding of the stool

ex. fear of using public toilets

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12
Q

what is the type of drugs for constipation called?

A

laxatives

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13
Q

list 6 categories of antilaxatives

A
  • bulk forming
  • emollient (stool softener)
  • hyperosmotics
  • saline
  • stimulants
  • peripherally acting opioid antagonists
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14
Q

what are emollients?

A
  • stool softeners & lubricants
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15
Q

what is the MOA of emollients (2)

A
  • promote more water & fat in the stools

- lubricate the fecal material & intestinal walls

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16
Q

what is an example of stool softeners

A
  • docusate salts (Colace)
17
Q

what is an example of lubricants

A
  • mineral oil
18
Q

what are bulk forming agents?

A
  • fiber based laxatives
19
Q

what is the MOA of bulk forming agents (2)

A
  • absorb water to increase bulk

- distend bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity

20
Q

list 2 examples of bulk forming agents

A
  • psyllium (Metamucil)

- methylcellulose (Citrucel)

21
Q

what are hyperosmotics (osmotic agents)

A
  • laxatives that work through osmosis

= draws water into the intestine & colon & increase fecal water content

22
Q

what do hyperosmotics result in? (3)

A
  • bowel distension
  • increased peristalsis
  • evacuation
23
Q

what are 2 examples of hyperosmotics

A
  • polyethylene glycol (PEG, lax-a-day)

- lactulose

24
Q

what is another use of lactulose

A
  • to reduce elevated serum ammonia levels
25
Q

what are saline agents?

A
  • agents that increase osmotic pressure within the intestinal tract = more water enters the intestines
26
Q

what do saline agents result in? (3)

A
  • bowel distension
  • increased peristalsis
  • evacuation
27
Q

what is an example of a saline agent

A
  • magnesium hyroxide (milk of magnesia)
28
Q

what is the MOA of stimulants

A
  • increases peristalsis via intestinal nerve stimulation
29
Q

what are 2 examples of stimulants

A
  • senna (Senekot)

- bisacodyl (Dulcolax)

30
Q

describe the use of peripherally acting opioid antagonists

A
  • treatment of constipation related to opioid use and bowel resection therapy
31
Q

what is the MOA of peripherally acting opioid antagonists (3)

A
  • block entrance of opioid into the bowel
  • but not from the brain or spinal cord
  • allow bowel to function normally with continued opioid use
32
Q

what is one important thing to remember with peripherally acting opioid antagonists

A
  • strict regulations for use
33
Q

what are 2 examples of peripherally acting opioids antagonists

A
  • methylnaltrexone (relistor)

- naloxegol (movantik)

34
Q

what are 2 side effects of all laxatives

A
  • diarrhea

- electrolyte imbalances (K, bicarb)

NURS 2514 (75 decks)

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