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NURS 2514 > Week 1 - Cell Regulation > Flashcards

Week 1 - Cell Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

define cellular regulation

A
  • all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis
  • includes its responses to extracellular signals (hormones, nt, etc.) & the way it produces an intracellular response
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2
Q

what are 5 functions of a cell

A
  1. creating fuel for the body
  2. manufacturing proteins
  3. transporting materials
  4. disposing of wastes
  5. cellular growth & reproduction
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3
Q

describe the scope of cellular regulation

A

range from:

  • normal cell growth
  • dysplasia (precancerous, start of abnormal growth patterns)
  • then malignant neoplasm (full alteration = cancerous)
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4
Q

what 2 main processes are required for normal cellular reproduction

A
  1. proliferation (cell division)

2. differentiation

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5
Q

what is proliferation

A
  • controlled & organized process

- normal cells divide to develop normal tissues or replace lost/damaged normal tissues

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6
Q

rate of proliferation = ???

A

= rate of degeneration

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7
Q

how is normal cell proliferation controlled

A
  • thru a mechanism called contact inhibition
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8
Q

describe contact inhibition

A
  • normal cells respect the boundaries of surrounding cells = wont invade their space
    = growth is inhibited thru physical contact with surrounding membranes
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9
Q

how does proliferation relate to cancerous growth

A
  • cells should only proliferate if they are supposed to

- if cells start dividing when they shouldn’t or too much, it can lead to cancerous growth

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10
Q

how is cellular proliferation activated?

A
  • in the presence of cellular degeneration or death
  • or based on physiologic need
    ex. losing cells
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11
Q

describe the rate of cellular proliferation

A
  • normal replication will result in new cells created at the same rate that the older cells die
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12
Q

what signals control cellular proliferation

A
  • stop and go signals
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13
Q

describe go signals

A
  • injured cells send go signals to surrounding cells to activate intracellular proliferation pathways
  • ultimately saying “we need more cells generated”
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14
Q

what does the sending of “go signals” result in?

A
  • results in controlled, organized growth that will heal the wound
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15
Q

describe stop signals

A
  • when a wound is healed, stop signals are sent

- these are sent to newly formed tissues when healing is almost done

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16
Q

describe stop and go signals in a diseased state

A
  • the signals do not function properly

= not working

17
Q

what happens when stop and go signals are not functioning properly

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth –> neoplasm
18
Q

what is differentiation

A
  • when cells acquire functions that are different from those of the original cell from which they came
  • think of it like specialization
19
Q

differentiation is normally a ____ and ____ process

A
  • stable & orderly
20
Q

what 2 genes regulate normal cellular processes?

A
  1. proto-oncogenes

2. tumor suppressor genes

21
Q

what do proto-oncogenes do

A
  • promote growth
22
Q

what do tumor suppressor genes do

A
  • suppress growth
23
Q

what do mutations in our cellular growth regulators (genes) result in?

A
  • will transform them from normal genes to oncogenes
24
Q

what are oncogenes

A
  • things that promote tumor growth

- BAD

25
Q

oncogenes may occur in the presence of _____?

A
  • carcinogens
26
Q

what alterations in cellular regulation lead to cancer?

A
  1. defects in cellular proliferation

2. defects in cellular differentiation

27
Q

how do cancer cells respond to “stop” and “go” signals? how does this affect proliferation?

A
  • respond differently

= proliferation is dysregulated & continuous

28
Q

what is the most distinguishing property of malignant cells

A
  • persistent replication/proliferation
29
Q

what would happen if you did not receive treatment for dysregulated proliferation

A
  • the cells would continue to grow until they cause death
30
Q

what are hypothesized to be the origin of cancer development?

A
  • stem cells
31
Q

what does the mutation of stem cells lead to?

A
  • loss of intracellular control
32
Q

what 3 things can happen with mutated stem cells?

A
  1. die –> apoptosis (recognizes the mutation and wants to stop it)
  2. repair the damage & becomes normal
  3. survive and transfer mutations to daughter cells (worst case scenario)
33
Q

how do malignant tumours effect our body tissue

A
  • malignant tumours spread, invade, and destroy normal tissue
  • robs normal body tissues of nutrients & O2
34
Q

list 7 consequences of malignant tumours

A
  1. pain
  2. fatigue
  3. infection
  4. bleeding
  5. weight loss
  6. organ failure
  7. death

NURS 2514 (75 decks)

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