Week 3 - Renal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

how do renal disorders commonly manifest as? (5)

A
  • elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
  • elevated serum creatinine
  • failure to maintain Na & K
  • failure to maintain water balance
  • acid-base imbalances
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2
Q

why is it useful to get blood work on both BUN and creatine?

A
  • BUN = tells us both filtration & absorption

- creatine = is only filtered, not absorbed = tells us about filtration to help us specify what is wrong

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3
Q

what complications can the manifestations of renal disorders result in? (4)

A
  • HTN
  • symptoms of HF
  • peripheral edema
  • death
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4
Q

what is azotemia

A
  • when metabolic products that are normally excreted by the kidneys accumulate in the blood
    ex. urea, creatine, and other toxic metabolic products
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5
Q

what is uremia

A
  • a complex group of symptoms that occur due to inadequate renal function
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6
Q

what can cause uremia (4)

A
  • accumulating metabolic toxins
  • fluid & electrolyte imbalances
  • acidosis
  • anemia
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7
Q

what is oliguria

A
  • diminished urine volume

<400 mL/day

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8
Q

what is anuria

A
  • absence of urine production
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9
Q

how can renal disease be categorized? (3)

A
  1. site of lesion
  2. eitology
  3. combo of the two
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10
Q

list 2 examples of renal disease categorized based off site of lesion

A
  • glomerulus vs tubule
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11
Q

what are the 3 categories of renal disease categorized based off a combo of site of lesion & etiology

A
  1. prerenal
  2. intrarenal
  3. postrenal
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12
Q

what is prerenal disease?

A
  • results from inadequate blood flow TO the nephron
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13
Q

what are examples of causes of prerenal disease? (5)

A
  • hypovolemia
  • hypotension
  • drug-induced reduction in perfusion
  • septic shock
  • stenosis of the renal arteries
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14
Q

what is intrarenal disease

A
  • results from intrinsic damage to the nephron
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15
Q

what are examples of intrarenal disease (7)

A
  • acute tubular necrosis
  • glomerulonephritis
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • vasculitis
  • malignant HTN
  • diabetic nephropathy
  • pyelonephritis
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16
Q

what is post-renal disease

A
  • results from urinary tract obstruction
17
Q

what are examples of post-renal disease (4)

A
  • ureter obstruction
  • prostate disease
  • malignancy
  • calculi
18
Q

how can renal failure be managed? (4)

A
  • treat the cause
  • dietary manipulation (ex. fluid, proteins, electrolytes)
  • dialysis
  • renal transplant
19
Q

how can we treat anemia associated with renal disease

A
  • erythropoietin is used to stimulate bone marrow production of RBC
20
Q

what can we treat inflammation associated w renal disease

A
  • give anti-inflammatory drugs and/or corticosteroids
21
Q

what are the 2 main categories of renal failure

A
  1. acute kidney injury

2. chronic kidney disease

22
Q

describe the onset of AKI vs CKD

A
  • AKI = abrupt

- CKD = gradual, often over many years

23
Q

describe the most common cause of AKI vs CKD

A
  • AKI = acute tubular necrosis

- CKD = diabetic nephropathy

24
Q

describe the diagnostic criteria for AKI vs CKD

A
  • AKI = acute reduction in urine output and/or elevation in serum creatinin
  • CKD = measure/estimate of GFR and/or kidney damage > 3mo
25
Q

what GFR indicates CKD

A

GFR < 60 for >3 months

26
Q

describe the reversibility of AKI vs CKD

A
  • AKI = potential

- CKD = progressive and irreversible

27
Q

describe the mortality of AKI vs CKD

A
  • AKI = high (~60%)

- CKD = lower (19-24%)

28
Q

describe the primary cause of death for AKI vs CKD

A
  • AKI = secondary infection

- CKD = cardiovascular disease