Week 3 - Renal Disorders Flashcards
how do renal disorders commonly manifest as? (5)
- elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- elevated serum creatinine
- failure to maintain Na & K
- failure to maintain water balance
- acid-base imbalances
why is it useful to get blood work on both BUN and creatine?
- BUN = tells us both filtration & absorption
- creatine = is only filtered, not absorbed = tells us about filtration to help us specify what is wrong
what complications can the manifestations of renal disorders result in? (4)
- HTN
- symptoms of HF
- peripheral edema
- death
what is azotemia
- when metabolic products that are normally excreted by the kidneys accumulate in the blood
ex. urea, creatine, and other toxic metabolic products
what is uremia
- a complex group of symptoms that occur due to inadequate renal function
what can cause uremia (4)
- accumulating metabolic toxins
- fluid & electrolyte imbalances
- acidosis
- anemia
what is oliguria
- diminished urine volume
<400 mL/day
what is anuria
- absence of urine production
how can renal disease be categorized? (3)
- site of lesion
- eitology
- combo of the two
list 2 examples of renal disease categorized based off site of lesion
- glomerulus vs tubule
what are the 3 categories of renal disease categorized based off a combo of site of lesion & etiology
- prerenal
- intrarenal
- postrenal
what is prerenal disease?
- results from inadequate blood flow TO the nephron
what are examples of causes of prerenal disease? (5)
- hypovolemia
- hypotension
- drug-induced reduction in perfusion
- septic shock
- stenosis of the renal arteries
what is intrarenal disease
- results from intrinsic damage to the nephron
what are examples of intrarenal disease (7)
- acute tubular necrosis
- glomerulonephritis
- nephrotic syndrome
- vasculitis
- malignant HTN
- diabetic nephropathy
- pyelonephritis
what is post-renal disease
- results from urinary tract obstruction
what are examples of post-renal disease (4)
- ureter obstruction
- prostate disease
- malignancy
- calculi
how can renal failure be managed? (4)
- treat the cause
- dietary manipulation (ex. fluid, proteins, electrolytes)
- dialysis
- renal transplant
how can we treat anemia associated with renal disease
- erythropoietin is used to stimulate bone marrow production of RBC
what can we treat inflammation associated w renal disease
- give anti-inflammatory drugs and/or corticosteroids
what are the 2 main categories of renal failure
- acute kidney injury
2. chronic kidney disease
describe the onset of AKI vs CKD
- AKI = abrupt
- CKD = gradual, often over many years
describe the most common cause of AKI vs CKD
- AKI = acute tubular necrosis
- CKD = diabetic nephropathy
describe the diagnostic criteria for AKI vs CKD
- AKI = acute reduction in urine output and/or elevation in serum creatinin
- CKD = measure/estimate of GFR and/or kidney damage > 3mo
what GFR indicates CKD
GFR < 60 for >3 months
describe the reversibility of AKI vs CKD
- AKI = potential
- CKD = progressive and irreversible
describe the mortality of AKI vs CKD
- AKI = high (~60%)
- CKD = lower (19-24%)
describe the primary cause of death for AKI vs CKD
- AKI = secondary infection
- CKD = cardiovascular disease
