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NURS 2514 > Week 2 - Diabetes Seminar > Flashcards

Week 2 - Diabetes Seminar Flashcards

1
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A
  • the production or conversion of glucose from non-carb sources, such as amino acids & lactic acids
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2
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A
  • glycogen breakdown into glucose
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3
Q

what is glucose

A
  • a simple sugar the body uses to produce energy
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4
Q

what is glucagon

A
  • hormone secreted from the pancreatic alpha cells that increases bg
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5
Q

how is the liver involved in glucose regulation

A
  • stores glycogen
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6
Q

how is the GI tract involved in glucose regulation (2)

A
  • contains incretins, which are GI derived hormones
  • these hormones are released in response to food intake & effect insulin & glucagon release
  • also plays a role in glucose absorption
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7
Q

how are the kidneys involved in glucose regulation (3)

A
  • filtrates glucose
  • reabsorption of glucose
  • SLGT-2 co-transporter
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8
Q

how is the pancreas involved in glucose regulation?

A
  • beta cells –> release insulin

- alpha cells –> release glucagon

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9
Q

what slightly increases your risk of having type 1 diabetes?

A
  • having a parent or sibling w type 1
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10
Q

researchers suspect that _____ and _____ okay a role in the development of type 1 diabetes

A
  • our genes & enviro
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11
Q

list risk factors for type 2 diabetes (7)

A
  • age > 40
  • 1st degree relative w type 2 (genetics)
  • member of high-risk population
  • history of prediabetes
  • history of GDM (type 4)
  • history of delivery of a macrosomic infant
  • presence of vascular risk factors
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12
Q

what is considered high-risk populations for typ2 diabetes

A
  • african
  • arab
  • asian
  • hispanic
  • indigenous
  • south asian
  • low socioeconomic status
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13
Q

what is the cause of type 1 DM

A
  • autoimmune

- destruction of beta cells leading to lack of insulin

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14
Q

what is the cause of type 2 DM

A
  • progressive loss of beta cell function & cellular insulin resistance
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15
Q

which is more common: type 1 or 2 DM

A
  • type 2 (90-95% of cases)
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16
Q

which is more common: type 1 or 2 DM

A
  • type 2 (90-95% of cases)
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17
Q

how is type 1 DM managed/treated?

A
  • cannot be managed with diet/exercise alone

- must be given insulin

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18
Q

how is type 2 DM managed/treated

A
  • diet, exercise
  • oral antihyperglycemics
  • insulin
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19
Q

are the symptoms abrupt or gradual for type 1? type 2?

A
  • type 1 = abrupt onset of symptoms

- type 2 = gradual

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20
Q

what age group is associated with diagnosis of type 1? type 2?

A
  • type 1 = children/young adults, usually less than 35 years

- type 2 = often but not always adult onset, approx 55% older than 50

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21
Q

describe the physical structure of an indiv with type 1 vs type 2

A
  • type 1 = usually underweight

- type 2 = often higher BMI

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22
Q

what condition may occur with type 1? type2?

A
  • type 1 = prone to DKA

- type 2 = may develop hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS/HHNC)

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23
Q

what would occur in a type 1 patient who does not receive exogenous insulin?

A
  • death
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24
Q

what are the 4 acute clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia

A
  • glucosuria
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • polyphagia
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25
Q

what BG is classified as hyperglycemia

A

> 11 mmol/L

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26
Q

what can cause hyperglycemia (10)

A
  1. circulating supply of insulin is insufficient
  2. or glucose cannot be effectively used for energy (insulin resistance)
  3. inappropriate glucose production by liver
  4. alteration in the production of hormone & cytokines by adipose tissues
  5. increased glucose intake
  6. meds (ex. corticosteroids, not taking diabetes meds)
  7. undiagnosed, untreated, or undertreated DM
  8. decreased activity
  9. stress (cause release of cortisol = CRH)
  10. infection, trauma, illness (increase CRH & effect BP which effects GFR which effects glucose reabsorption)
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27
Q

what might cause insufficient insulin?

A
  • either insufficient insulin is being produced or none at all
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28
Q

what is insulin resistance?

A
  • when body tissues do not respond to the action of insulin
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29
Q

what causes insulin resistance (3)

A
  1. unresponsive insulin receptors
  2. insufficient number of receptors
  3. both
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30
Q

what occurs when insulin is not effective, causing the entry of glucose into the cell to be impeded? (2)

A
  1. hyperglycemia

2. hyperinsulinema

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31
Q

list clinical manifestations of hyperglyemia (6, but some are grouped together if they fit together)

A
  1. 3 P’s (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
  2. glycosuria
  3. nocturia
  4. abdominal cramps, NV
  5. weakness, fatigue, headache
  6. blurred vision
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32
Q

what BG is considered hypoglycemia

A

< 4mmol

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33
Q

what causes hypoglycemia (5)

A
  1. too much insulin in proportion to the available glucose in the blood
  2. lack of food intake/NPO
  3. excessive physical activity
  4. med reaction (ex. too much insulin)
  5. alcohol (ETOH) consumption
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34
Q

what clinical manifestations are first seen in hypoglycemia? what next? why?

A
  • when BG drops below 4, the autonomic nervous system gets activated –> glucagon & epi ate produced to increase BG = autonomic symptoms
  • if BG continues to drop, the brain does not get adequate glucose & we see CNS symptoms bc cognitive functioning is affected
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35
Q

symptoms in hypoglycemia related to activation of the autonomic system are called

A
  • neurogenic
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36
Q

symptoms in hypoglycemia related to decreased cognitive functioning are called

A
  • neuroglycopenic
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37
Q

at what BG level will we see SNS vs CNS symptoms in hypoglycemia?

A
  • neurogenic < 3.5

- neuroglycopenic < 2.8

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38
Q

list neurogenic (autonomic SNS) symptoms seen during hypoglycemia (8)

A
  • shaky. trembling
  • nausea
  • hungry
  • increased HR & palpitations
  • sweaty
  • anxiety
  • cold, clammy, moist, skin
  • irritability
39
Q

list neuroglycopenic (CNS) symptoms seen during hypoglycemia (7)

A
  • confusion, difficulty concentrating
  • weakness, drowsiness
  • disorientation
  • lose consciousness
  • have a seizure
  • vision changes
  • difficulty speaking
40
Q

BG of 4-7mmol is considered ______

A

euglycemia

41
Q

what are vascular risk factors (which means they will be risk factors for type 2)

A
  • TG >1.7
  • HTN
  • overweight
  • abdominal obesity
  • smoking
  • high cholestrol
42
Q

what gives us an average blood glucose over 90-120 days

A

glycosylated hgb (HbA1C)

43
Q

a fasting BG of _____, post prandial BG of ___, or A1C of ____ is considered prediabetes

A
  • fasting –> 6.1-6.9
  • A1C 6-6.4%
  • post prandial = 7.8-11
44
Q

list 4 factors that increase BG

A
  • food
  • stress
  • glucocorticoids
  • CRH
45
Q

list 3 factors that decrease BG

A
  • alcohol
  • exercise
  • insulin
46
Q

when is doubt, should you treat hypoglycemia or hyper

A
  • hypo
47
Q

what is meant by glycemic target

A
  • what you want the BG to be while managing BG
48
Q

should each persons gylcemic target be the same? why or why not?

A
  • no it is individualized for everyone

- need to consider activity levels, life expectancy, etc.

49
Q

what is considered a critical high vs critical low BG

A
  • critical high = 33

- critical low = 2.8

50
Q

what is the normal BG range prior to meal intake? 2hr after meal intake>

A
  • before = 4-6

- after = 5-8

51
Q

what is BG range prior and after meals for someone with DM

A
  • before = 4-7

- after = 5-10

52
Q

what does DKA stand for

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

53
Q

who is at risk for DKA

A
  • type 1 diabetics
54
Q

what does HHNS stand for? who is at risk for it?

A
  • hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

- type 2

55
Q

what is the acronym for treatment of DKA

A

Fluids
Insulin
Glucose monitor

Potassium (bc insulin pushed it into cell)
Infection (monitor for)
Chart fluid balance
Ketones (monitor in blood or glucose)

56
Q

what should we consider when taking a pt’s health hisotry?

A
  • medical history
  • meds
  • social & family history
  • OPQRSTU of symptoms
  • ROS/H2T
57
Q

DM is diagnosed with one of….

A
  • A1C > 6.5%
  • fasting (8h) BG >7mmol
  • random glucose >11
  • two hour oral glucose tolerance test >11
58
Q

how is blood glucose maintained within normal levels when we expend more glucose thru exercise? (3)

A
  • release of glucagon
  • liver will release glucose
  • gluconeogensis (production of glucose from non-carbs)
59
Q

how is blood glucose maintained within normal levels when physical activity is decreases? (3)

A
  • glycogen formation
  • insulin
  • increase glucose uptake into tissue
60
Q

what is the primary chronic complication of hyperglycemia

A
  • angiopathy
61
Q

list 4 chronic manifestations of hyperglycemia

A
  1. neuropathy
  2. microangiopathy
  3. macroangiopathy
  4. infection
62
Q

why might infection be more likely w hyperglycemia? (3)

A
  • more glucose for microbes
  • immunity effected with long-term hyperglycmia
  • impaired blood flow = delayed healing
63
Q

what are 2 types of microangipathy

A
  1. retinopathy

2. nephropathy

64
Q

what will we want to assess for regarding retinopathy

A
  • blind spots
  • blurred vision
  • just overall vision changes
65
Q

what will we want to assess for regarding nephropathy

A
  • albuminuria
  • proteruria
  • assess ins & outs
  • assess BUN, creatine
66
Q

what will we want to assess for regarding macroangiopathy

A
  • bp
  • HR
  • EKG
  • lipid levels
  • peripheral perfusion
  • pulses/HR
67
Q

what might we assess for regarding neuropathy

A
  • distal extremities
  • if they have feeling in their extremities
  • numbness, tingling
  • with autonomic neuropathy assess for fixed, resting tachy
68
Q

what might we assess for regarding infection

A
  • temo
  • CBC, WBC
  • CWCM
  • lesions?
  • drainage
69
Q

why/how do diabetic foot ulcers occur?

A
  • diabetes = increased risk of infection
  • decreased blood flow
  • lack of feeling due to neuropathy makes it hard to identify
70
Q

describe assessment of the CNS for DM

A
  • LOC

- sensation (especially in the distal extremities)

71
Q

describe assessment of the CVS for DM

A
  • cap refill
  • CWCM
  • HR
  • BP
  • temp
72
Q

describe assessment of respiratory system for DM

A
  • kussmal respiration
  • lung sounds? crackles (due to infection or fluid backup from HF)
  • fruity breath
73
Q

describe GI/GU assessment for DM

A
  • NVD
  • diet
  • appetite
  • kidney function
  • urinary habits
74
Q

describe integumentary assessment for DM

A
  • assess for sores & ulcers
75
Q

describe MSK assessment for DM

A
  • weakness
  • activity level
  • look for muscle wasting (type 1)
76
Q

list 4 long term complications of hypoglycemia

A
  1. hypoglycemia unawareness syndrome
  2. loss of consciousness/neurologicsl changes (seizures)
  3. coma
  4. death
77
Q

what is it called if someone has a diabetes & cardiac risk?

A
  • metabolic syndrome
78
Q

list 3 risk factors diabetes & heart disease share

A
  1. high bp
  2. overweight
  3. high cholestrol
79
Q

a glycated hemoglobin (A1C) level above 7% is associated with… (3)

A
  • high risk of microangiopathy
  • high risk of macroangiopathy
  • infarctions
80
Q

when is insulin required?

A
  • when a patient does not have sufficient insulin to meet metabolic demands
81
Q

why must injection sites for insulin be rotated?

A
  • to prevent lipodystrophy
82
Q

what does insulin administartion require close monitoring of? why?

A
  • BG levels
  • have to watch for hypoglycemia
  • & doses are often based of BG reading
83
Q

what is an alternate use of insulin? why?

A
  • for hyperkalemia

- it pushes K+ into the cells

84
Q

what is the somogyi effect regarding insulin therapy

A
  • morning rebound hyperglycemia due to mid-night hypoglycemia
  • due to giving insulin hs which will peak in the middle of the night
  • this will then cause the release of CRH in the middle of night leading hyperglycemia
85
Q

what is the dawn phenomenom regarding insulin therapy

A
  • morning hyperglycemia but NO hypoglycemia in the night

- due to GH release during the night, which decreases peripheral uptake of glucose

86
Q

what should educate your patient on regarding diabetes

A
  • closely & how to monitor BG
  • always have access to a simple sugar
  • the signs of hypo vs hyper
  • how to inject insulin
  • storing of insulin
  • age & developmental considerations
87
Q

how should insulin be stored?

A
  • unopened = firdge

- the one you are using tho should be stored at room temp

88
Q

what do anti-hyperglycemics do?

A
  • improve the use & production of insulin & glucose in the body
  • target things like insulin resistance & decreased insulin production
89
Q

what type of DM are anti-hyperglycemics used for?

A
  • type 2
90
Q

what is a risk associated with some anti-hyperglycemics?

A
  • hypoglycemia
91
Q

why are anti-hyperglycemics only used for type 2?

A
  • bc they rely only the body having some insulin, which type 1 does not
92
Q

what is the first line treatment for type 2 DM

A
  • lifestyle changes in diet & exercise
93
Q

true or false: insulin’s only role in our body is to allow glucose to enter cells

A

false, also:

  • puts K+ into cells
  • storage of glycogen

NURS 2514 (75 decks)

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