Week 4 -GI therapeutics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main targets for emetics/ anti-emetics in dogs?

A

Dopamine receptors

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2
Q

What is the main target for emetics/ anti-emetics in cats?

A

Sympathomimetic (alpha 2)

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3
Q

What is metaclopraminde?

A

dopamine (D2) antagonist - supresses CRTZ
and upper GI pro-kinetic stimulant – increases ACh release in
upper GI tract - NB – exclude GI obstruction before use

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4
Q

What is maropitant?

A

NK1
receptor antagonist – 24 hour action

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5
Q

What is ondansetron?

A

anti-serotonergic (5-HT). Expensive, used for
patients unable to tolerate, or not controlled by,
metoclopramide or maropitant

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6
Q

When are emetics used?

A

Emetics are used to induce vomiting following poisoning
* they are only useful if instigated within 2-3 hours of ingestion
* do not induce vomiting if the poison is corrosive, severe CNS, depression, or bad gag reflex

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7
Q

What are apomorphine and ropinrole used for?

A
  • Dopamine agonists
  • stimulate the CRTZ centre in dogs
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8
Q

What is xylazine used for?

A

alpha 2- adrenergic agonist
* stimulates the emetic centre in cats

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9
Q

Why is acid blockade an important part?

A
  • heals oesophageal and gastric ulceration
  • treatment of gastritis
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10
Q

What are the two main targets for acid drug therapy?

A
  • Histamine receptors
  • H+/ K+- ATPase proton pumps
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11
Q

What is the main function of acid protectants?

A
  • Create a physical barrier
  • Acid neutralisation
  • Prostaglandin E and its production
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12
Q

What is the function of omeprazole?

A
  • Proton pump inhibitor
  • supresses stomach acid secretion
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13
Q

What is the function of antacids?

A
  • not easy to administer
  • frequent administration
  • not palatable

e.g aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide…

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14
Q

What is misoprostal

mucousal protectant

A
  • synthetic Prostaglandin E1 analogue
  • useful for ulcers caused by NSAIDS
  • caution can also cause abortion
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15
Q

What are pro-kinetics used for?

A
  • increase motility
  • management of ileus and +/- constipation
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16
Q

What is the function of anti-diarrhoeals?

A
  • decreased motility
  • management of diarrhoea
17
Q

What is the function of metoclopramide?

A
  • increased ACh release in the upper GI tract
  • useful for preventing gastro-oesophageal reflux and promoting gastric emptying
18
Q

What is the function of lidocaine?

A

infusion in horses improves intraoperative gastric motility

19
Q

What is the function of laxatives?

A
  • promote elimination or increase fluid content of stools
20
Q

What is the function of bulk-forming laxatives?

A
  • Mostly plant fibres
  • hydrophillic and not digested
  • bulk stimulates peristalsis
21
Q

What is the function of lubricants?

A

coat the stool with a water-immiscible film, preventing water loss and ease stool passage

22
Q

What is the function of lactulose?

A

fermented in the large intestine to acetate and
lactate with consequent osmotic laxative effect. Adjust based
on individual response

23
Q

How to anti-diarrhoeals act?

A

by reducing peristalsis to enhance water
reabsorption, demulcent activity or water adsorption

24
Q

What is the function of loperamide?

A

opioid agonists – antisecretary, decrease propulsive intestinal contractions and
increase segmentation, increase tone of GI sphincters

25
Q

What is the function of hyoscine?

A

antimuscarinic – antispasmodic for equine colic
* Other anti-diarrhoeals (e.g. metronidazole) treat cause

26
Q

What is the function of kaolin-pectin formulations?

A

demulcent and adsorbent