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VMS 3010 > Week 2- Monitoring In Veterinary Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Week 2- Monitoring In Veterinary Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main aim of monitoring in veterinary anaesthesia?

A
  • Maintain an adequate anaesthesia depth
  • Assess the adequacy of analgesia
  • Maintain the function of different body systems
  • Identify changes/ issues
  • Evaluate treatment response
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2
Q

How often should you record vital signs on the anaesthetic record?

A

at least once every 5 minutes

It is used as a source of info for future anaesthetics

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3
Q

How would you monitor the central nervous system during anaesthetic?

A
  • Eye position and Movement
  • Jaw tone
  • Vagal tone
  • Anal tone
  • Pedal reflex
  • Righting reflex
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4
Q

What is the purpose of monitoring the central nervous system?

A

To ensure an adequate anaesthetic level

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5
Q

What plane are you aiming for during anaesthesia?

A

Stage III, plane 2

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6
Q

What does the light anaesthetic plane look like?

A
  • Eyes in central position
  • Palpebral reflex
  • Mild/ Strong Jaw Tone
  • Possible Movements
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7
Q

What does the surgical plane look like?

A
  • Eyes are rotated in the ventromedial position
  • Palpebral reflex to no palpebral reflex
  • Relaxed jaw tone
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8
Q

What does the deep plane look like?

A
  • Eyes in the Central position
  • No palpebral reflex
  • No jaw tone
  • No Movement
  • RR and HR usually decrease
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9
Q

What three things do you observe when monitoring the respiratory system?

A
  • Chest Movements
  • Reservoir Bag Movements
  • RR on monitor
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10
Q

What does a change in respiratory rate and pattern usually indicate?

A

Change in the depth of anaesthesia

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11
Q

What is Capnometry?

A
  • Breath by Breath analysis of expired Co2
  • Respiratory Rate
  • FiCo2
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12
Q

What is FiCo2?

A

The Inspired Co2 Levels

should be zero

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13
Q

What is capnography?

A

Graphical representation of Capnometry through the respiratory cycle

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14
Q

What are the normal mercury levels in capnography?

A

35-45mmHg

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15
Q

What is Hypocapnia?

A

Mercury levels below 35mmHg

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16
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Mercury levels above 45mmHg

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17
Q

What are the benefits of Capnography?

A
  • Non-Invasive, Continuous
  • Early issue detection
18
Q

What does capnography estimate?

A
  • Arterial Co2
  • Ventilation/ Perfusion missmatch
19
Q

What does the alveolar dead space in capnography show?

A

Alveoli that are poorly perfused, this is larger in large animals

shows that there is more Co2 in the airways

20
Q

What three things does capnometry give us information on?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Cardiac Output
  • Alveolar Ventilation
  • Anaesthetic Equipment
  • Respiratory Rhythm
21
Q

What is sidestream Capnography?

A
  • Continuous gas aspiration
  • Sample is carried away and analysed
22
Q

What is mainstream capnography?

A

Directly connected, has no delay
Heavy
Can burning

Not usually used

23
Q

What is the function of pulse-oximetry?

A
  • Measures the degree of saturation of haemoglobin
  • Calculates the amount of Oxy-Hb as a % of a total Hb
24
Q

What is the normal range of haemoglobin in Pulse-Oximetry?

A

Normal range is 98%- 100%

25
Q

What are the benefits of Pulse-Oximetry?

A
  • Easy to use
  • Non-Invasive
  • Continuous measurements
  • Detects hypoxaemia earlier than the human eye
26
Q

Where can Pulse-Oximetry be positioned?

A

tongue, ears, prepuce, vulva, lips, toe web, skin flap…

27
Q

How does Pulse-Oximetry Work?

A
  • PULSE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY to detect pulse waveform
  • INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY to detect absorption of light (red & infrared) by tissue under probe
28
Q

What does a plethysmograph give additional information on?

A

Additional info on: * Vascular tone
* Perfusion
* Fluid responsiveness * Pulse deficits/variation during arrhythmias

29
Q

What three leads do you use in an ECG?

A

Both arms and left leg
* Paws, axilla, inguinal region, ears

30
Q

What is the most common ECG lead for monitoring?

A

Lead II (Right Shoulder to left leg)

31
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

Force of blood flow/ Area (of the arterial wall)

32
Q

Name three reasons why we care about Mean Arterial Pressure?

A
  • Indirect indicator of Tissue perfusion
  • Anaesthetic drugs depress autoregulatory mechanisms
  • Start treatment if MAP< 70 mmHg & SAP <90 mmHg
33
Q

How do you measure arterial blood pressure (non-invasive)

A
  • Oscillometric devices
  • HDO device
  • Doppler
34
Q

How do you measure arterial blood pressure (invasive)

gold standard

A
  • Arterial Cannula placement
  • Different locations in different species
  • Accurate, reliable, beat to beat monitoring
  • Can be challenging
  • Signs of asepsis
35
Q

Where should a BP cuff be placed?

A

distal limb or tail, cuff as close as possible to the level of the right atrium

36
Q

What should the width of the BP cuff be?

A

30-40% of the circumference of anatomical location where the cuff is applied

37
Q

What is the effect of making the BP cuff too big?

A

underestimation

38
Q

What is the effect of making the BP cuff too small?

A

Over estimation

39
Q

What are some technical errors that may cause a decrease in the CO2 on capnography?

A
  • Disconnection
  • Sampling leaks or blockage
  • ET tube obstruction
40
Q

What are some technical errors that may cause an increase in CO2 on capnography?

A
  • Exhausted CO2 absorber
  • Inadequate fresh gas flow
  • Faulty valves
  • Hypoventilation
41
Q

What is einthovens triangle?

A

arrangement of the three electrodes used to record an ECG

VMS 3010 (98 decks)

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