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VMS 3010 > Common Complications and Accidents in Veterinary Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Common Complications and Accidents in Veterinary Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two alternative ways of securing the airways?

A
  • Retrograde Intubation
  • Temporal Tracheostomy
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2
Q

What is Hypercapnia?

A

ETCO2 is higher than 45mmHg

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3
Q

How would you treat hypercapnia?

A
  • Treat the underlying cause
  • Decrease anaesthesia depth
  • Manual ventilation
  • Mechanical ventilation
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4
Q

What does airway obstruction look like?

A
  • Shark fin appearance on the graph
  • Bronchoconstriction/ asthma
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5
Q

What does regurgitation put the animal at risk for?

A

aspiration pneumonia

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6
Q

How do you treat regurgitation?

A
  • Head down
  • Suction and lavage
  • Measure the pH of the regurgitated material
    Be careful with sedation
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7
Q

What causes hypoxaemia?

A

Low concentration of O2 in arterial blood

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8
Q

What may cause Hypoventilation?

A
  • Positioning
  • abdominal distress
  • Pulmonary disease
  • Drug induced respiratory depression
  • Pain
  • Obesity
  • Hypothermia
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9
Q

What causes apnoea/ respiratory distress?

A
  • Drugs
  • Excessive anaesthesia depth
  • Vagal stimultion
  • Weaning from ventilator
  • Nerve damage
  • Cardiac arrest
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10
Q

How would you treat respiratory distress?

A
  • O2 administration
  • Intubation + Ventilation
  • Increased anaesthesia depth
  • CPR
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11
Q

What may cause bradycardia?

A
  • Drugs
  • Excessive anaesthetic depth
  • Raised intracranial pressure
  • Vagal response
  • Hypothermia
  • Electrolyte imbalance
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12
Q

What is the solution for bradycardia?

A
  • Adress the potential cause
  • Drug antagonists
  • Anticholinergic agents
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13
Q

What may cause tachycardia?

A
  • SNS stimulation
  • Drugs
  • Cardiac disease
  • Anaemia, Haemorrhage
  • Hypoxaemia
  • Pheochromocytoma
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14
Q

How may you treat tachycardia?

A
  • Address the underlying cause
  • B blockers
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15
Q

What causes haemorrhage?

A
  • Decreased plasma volume, haemoglobin concentration , O2 carrying capacity of the blood
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16
Q

What are the consequences of hypercapnia?

Up to 60mmHg

A

Stimulation of SNS

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17
Q

What are the consequences of hypercapnia?

60-90mmHg

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Tachycardia
  • Central Nervous System Depression
  • Respiratory acidosis
18
Q

What are the consequences of hypercapnia?

>90 mmHG

A

CNS and cardiovascular system depression, arrhythmias, death

19
Q

How do you treat Hypercapnia?

A
  • Treat underlying cause
  • Decrease the depth of anaesthesia
  • Manual ventilation
  • Mechanical Ventilation
20
Q

What do you need to do before intubation?

A
  • Use a stylet to guide
  • Change position
  • Check for adequate anaesthesia plane
  • Use a topical anaesthetic
  • Flexible fibre-optic endoscope
21
Q

What is a temporal tracheostomy?

A

Opening a window in the trachea to help with breathing

22
Q

What three things do anaesthetic drugs have a depressant effect on?

A
  • Respiratory centre
  • Central and peripheral receptors
  • Intercostal muscle and diaghragm
23
Q

What does 60-90mmHg do to the body?

hypercapnia

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Tachycardia
  • Central Nervous System Depression
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Arrhythmias
24
Q

How would you treat hypercapnia?

A
  • Treat the underlying cause
  • Decrease the depth of anaesthesia
  • Manual ventilation
  • Mechanical ventilation
25
Name 5 things that may cause regurgitation?
* Inappropriate fasting times * Drugs * Hiatal hernia * Lighter plane of anaesthesia * Changing position
26
What should you do to minimise regurgitation?
* Adequate fasting time * Rapid sequence induction * ET tube slightly cuffed * Suction ready * Adequate anaesthesia depth * Avoiding position change
27
What is the treatment for regurgitation?
* Head down * Suction/ Lavage * Measure the PH of regurgitated material * Careful with sedation
28
What causes hypoxaemia?
Low Concentration of O2 in the arterial blood * Hypoventilation * Impaired diffusion * Ventilation/ Perfusion missmatch * Right to left shunt * Decreased Inspired fraction of O2
29
What causes apnoea/ respiratory arrest?
* Drugs * Excessive anaesthesia depth * Vagal stimulation * Weaning from the ventilator * Nerve damage * Cardiac arrest
30
How would you treat apnoea?
* O2 administration * Intubation + Ventilation * Decreased anaesthesia depth * CPR
31
How would you treat tachycardia?
* Address the underlying cause * B blockers
32
How would you treat idioventricular rhythm?
* Lidocaine bolus * Pulseless V tach/ V fib- Defibrillation
33
What causes hypertension?
* Pain/ Nociception * Light anaesthesia plane * Hypercapnia/ Metabolic acidosis * Underlying cardiac or renal disease * Pheochromocytoma
34
How do you treat hypertension?
* Identify and treat the cause * Drugs that cause vasodilation * Increased concentration of anaesthetic agents * Acepromazine * Beta adrenergic blockers
35
What occurs during haemorrhage?
Decreased plasma volume, decreased haemoglobin concentration, decreased O2 carrying capacity,
36
What is the cause of hypothermia?
* Effect of anaesthetic drugs on the thermoregulatory centre * Skin and body cavities exposure to low ambient temperature
37
What are the consequences of hypothermia?
* Decreased metabolism * Prolonged recovery * Vasoconstriction * Shivering * Hypoventilation * Increased likelihood of wound infection
38
How do you prevent/ treat hypothermia?
* Minimal clipping * Warm fluids * Low gas flow * Active rewarming
39
What are the clinical signs of an inadequate anaesthesia depth?
* Sudden increase in heart rate * Change of respiratory rate * Change of eye position * Presence of strong palpebral reflex * Change in jaw tone * Sudden Movement
40
What may cause hypercapnia? | technical errors
* Exhausted Co2 resorber * Inadequate fresh gas valve * Faulty valves
41
What may cause hypercapnia? | metabolism
* Fever * Hyperthermia * Malignant hyperthermia * Seizures * Hyperthyroidism

VMS 3010 (102 decks)

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