Common Complications and Accidents in Veterinary Anaesthesia Flashcards
What are the two alternative ways of securing the airways?
- Retrograde Intubation
- Temporal Tracheostomy
What is Hypercapnia?
ETCO2 is higher than 45mmHg
How would you treat hypercapnia?
- Treat the underlying cause
- Decrease anaesthesia depth
- Manual ventilation
- Mechanical ventilation
What does airway obstruction look like?
- Shark fin appearance on the graph
- Bronchoconstriction/ asthma
What does regurgitation put the animal at risk for?
aspiration pneumonia
How do you treat regurgitation?
- Head down
- Suction and lavage
- Measure the pH of the regurgitated material
Be careful with sedation
What causes hypoxaemia?
Low concentration of O2 in arterial blood
What may cause Hypoventilation?
- Positioning
- abdominal distress
- Pulmonary disease
- Drug induced respiratory depression
- Pain
- Obesity
- Hypothermia
What causes apnoea/ respiratory distress?
- Drugs
- Excessive anaesthesia depth
- Vagal stimultion
- Weaning from ventilator
- Nerve damage
- Cardiac arrest
How would you treat respiratory distress?
- O2 administration
- Intubation + Ventilation
- Increased anaesthesia depth
- CPR
What may cause bradycardia?
- Drugs
- Excessive anaesthetic depth
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Vagal response
- Hypothermia
- Electrolyte imbalance
What is the solution for bradycardia?
- Adress the potential cause
- Drug antagonists
- Anticholinergic agents
What may cause tachycardia?
- SNS stimulation
- Drugs
- Cardiac disease
- Anaemia, Haemorrhage
- Hypoxaemia
- Pheochromocytoma
How may you treat tachycardia?
- Address the underlying cause
- B blockers
What causes haemorrhage?
- Decreased plasma volume, haemoglobin concentration , O2 carrying capacity of the blood
What are the consequences of hypercapnia?
Up to 60mmHg
Stimulation of SNS
What are the consequences of hypercapnia?
60-90mmHg
- Vasodilation
- Tachycardia
- Central Nervous System Depression
- Respiratory acidosis
What are the consequences of hypercapnia?
>90 mmHG
CNS and cardiovascular system depression, arrhythmias, death
How do you treat Hypercapnia?
- Treat underlying cause
- Decrease the depth of anaesthesia
- Manual ventilation
- Mechanical Ventilation
What do you need to do before intubation?
- Use a stylet to guide
- Change position
- Check for adequate anaesthesia plane
- Use a topical anaesthetic
- Flexible fibre-optic endoscope
What is a temporal tracheostomy?
Opening a window in the trachea to help with breathing
What three things do anaesthetic drugs have a depressant effect on?
- Respiratory centre
- Central and peripheral receptors
- Intercostal muscle and diaghragm
What does 60-90mmHg do to the body?
hypercapnia
- Vasodilation
- Tachycardia
- Central Nervous System Depression
- Respiratory acidosis
- Arrhythmias
How would you treat hypercapnia?
- Treat the underlying cause
- Decrease the depth of anaesthesia
- Manual ventilation
- Mechanical ventilation
Name 5 things that may cause regurgitation?
- Inappropriate fasting times
- Drugs
- Hiatal hernia
- Lighter plane of anaesthesia
- Changing position
What should you do to minimise regurgitation?
- Adequate fasting time
- Rapid sequence induction
- ET tube slightly cuffed
- Suction ready
- Adequate anaesthesia depth
- Avoiding position change
What is the treatment for regurgitation?
- Head down
- Suction/ Lavage
- Measure the PH of regurgitated material
- Careful with sedation
What causes hypoxaemia?
Low Concentration of O2 in the arterial blood
* Hypoventilation
* Impaired diffusion
* Ventilation/ Perfusion missmatch
* Right to left shunt
* Decreased Inspired fraction of O2
What causes apnoea/ respiratory arrest?
- Drugs
- Excessive anaesthesia depth
- Vagal stimulation
- Weaning from the ventilator
- Nerve damage
- Cardiac arrest
How would you treat apnoea?
- O2 administration
- Intubation + Ventilation
- Decreased anaesthesia depth
- CPR
How would you treat tachycardia?
- Address the underlying cause
- B blockers
How would you treat idioventricular rhythm?
- Lidocaine bolus
- Pulseless V tach/ V fib- Defibrillation
What causes hypertension?
- Pain/ Nociception
- Light anaesthesia plane
- Hypercapnia/ Metabolic acidosis
- Underlying cardiac or renal disease
- Pheochromocytoma
How do you treat hypertension?
- Identify and treat the cause
- Drugs that cause vasodilation
- Increased concentration of anaesthetic agents
- Acepromazine
- Beta adrenergic blockers
What occurs during haemorrhage?
Decreased plasma volume, decreased haemoglobin concentration, decreased O2 carrying capacity,
What is the cause of hypothermia?
- Effect of anaesthetic drugs on the thermoregulatory centre
- Skin and body cavities exposure to low ambient temperature
What are the consequences of hypothermia?
- Decreased metabolism
- Prolonged recovery
- Vasoconstriction
- Shivering
- Hypoventilation
- Increased likelihood of wound infection
How do you prevent/ treat hypothermia?
- Minimal clipping
- Warm fluids
- Low gas flow
- Active rewarming
What are the clinical signs of an inadequate anaesthesia depth?
- Sudden increase in heart rate
- Change of respiratory rate
- Change of eye position
- Presence of strong palpebral reflex
- Change in jaw tone
- Sudden Movement
What may cause hypercapnia?
technical errors
- Exhausted Co2 resorber
- Inadequate fresh gas valve
- Faulty valves
What may cause hypercapnia?
metabolism
- Fever
- Hyperthermia
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Seizures
- Hyperthyroidism
