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VMS 3010 > Common Complications and Accidents in Veterinary Anaesthesia > Flashcards

Common Complications and Accidents in Veterinary Anaesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two alternative ways of securing the airways?

A
  • Retrograde Intubation
  • Temporal Tracheostomy
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2
Q

What is Hypercapnia?

A

ETCO2 is higher than 45mmHg

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3
Q

How would you treat hypercapnia?

A
  • Treat the underlying cause
  • Decrease anaesthesia depth
  • Manual ventilation
  • Mechanical ventilation
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4
Q

What does airway obstruction look like?

A
  • Shark fin appearance on the graph
  • Bronchoconstriction/ asthma
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5
Q

What does regurgitation put the animal at risk for?

A

aspiration pneumonia

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6
Q

How do you treat regurgitation?

A
  • Head down
  • Suction and lavage
  • Measure the pH of the regurgitated material
    Be careful with sedation
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7
Q

What causes hypoxaemia?

A

Low concentration of O2 in arterial blood

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8
Q

What may cause Hypoventilation?

A
  • Positioning
  • abdominal distress
  • Pulmonary disease
  • Drug induced respiratory depression
  • Pain
  • Obesity
  • Hypothermia
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9
Q

What causes apnoea/ respiratory distress?

A
  • Drugs
  • Excessive anaesthesia depth
  • Vagal stimultion
  • Weaning from ventilator
  • Nerve damage
  • Cardiac arrest
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10
Q

How would you treat respiratory distress?

A
  • O2 administration
  • Intubation + Ventilation
  • Increased anaesthesia depth
  • CPR
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11
Q

What may cause bradycardia?

A
  • Drugs
  • Excessive anaesthetic depth
  • Raised intracranial pressure
  • Vagal response
  • Hypothermia
  • Electrolyte imbalance
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12
Q

What is the solution for bradycardia?

A
  • Adress the potential cause
  • Drug antagonists
  • Anticholinergic agents
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13
Q

What may cause tachycardia?

A
  • SNS stimulation
  • Drugs
  • Cardiac disease
  • Anaemia, Haemorrhage
  • Hypoxaemia
  • Pheochromocytoma
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14
Q

How may you treat tachycardia?

A
  • Address the underlying cause
  • B blockers
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15
Q

What causes haemorrhage?

A
  • Decreased plasma volume, haemoglobin concentration , O2 carrying capacity of the blood
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16
Q

What are the consequences of hypercapnia?

Up to 60mmHg

A

Stimulation of SNS

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17
Q

What are the consequences of hypercapnia?

60-90mmHg

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Tachycardia
  • Central Nervous System Depression
  • Respiratory acidosis
18
Q

What are the consequences of hypercapnia?

>90 mmHG

A

CNS and cardiovascular system depression, arrhythmias, death

19
Q

How do you treat Hypercapnia?

A
  • Treat underlying cause
  • Decrease the depth of anaesthesia
  • Manual ventilation
  • Mechanical Ventilation
20
Q

What do you need to do before intubation?

A
  • Use a stylet to guide
  • Change position
  • Check for adequate anaesthesia plane
  • Use a topical anaesthetic
  • Flexible fibre-optic endoscope
21
Q

What is a temporal tracheostomy?

A

Opening a window in the trachea to help with breathing

22
Q

What three things do anaesthetic drugs have a depressant effect on?

A
  • Respiratory centre
  • Central and peripheral receptors
  • Intercostal muscle and diaghragm
23
Q

What does 60-90mmHg do to the body?

hypercapnia

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Tachycardia
  • Central Nervous System Depression
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Arrhythmias
24
Q

How would you treat hypercapnia?

A
  • Treat the underlying cause
  • Decrease the depth of anaesthesia
  • Manual ventilation
  • Mechanical ventilation
25
Q

Name 5 things that may cause regurgitation?

A
  • Inappropriate fasting times
  • Drugs
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Lighter plane of anaesthesia
  • Changing position
26
Q

What should you do to minimise regurgitation?

A
  • Adequate fasting time
  • Rapid sequence induction
  • ET tube slightly cuffed
  • Suction ready
  • Adequate anaesthesia depth
  • Avoiding position change
27
Q

What is the treatment for regurgitation?

A
  • Head down
  • Suction/ Lavage
  • Measure the PH of regurgitated material
  • Careful with sedation
28
Q

What causes hypoxaemia?

A

Low Concentration of O2 in the arterial blood
* Hypoventilation
* Impaired diffusion
* Ventilation/ Perfusion missmatch
* Right to left shunt
* Decreased Inspired fraction of O2

29
Q

What causes apnoea/ respiratory arrest?

A
  • Drugs
  • Excessive anaesthesia depth
  • Vagal stimulation
  • Weaning from the ventilator
  • Nerve damage
  • Cardiac arrest
30
Q

How would you treat apnoea?

A
  • O2 administration
  • Intubation + Ventilation
  • Decreased anaesthesia depth
  • CPR
31
Q

How would you treat tachycardia?

A
  • Address the underlying cause
  • B blockers
32
Q

How would you treat idioventricular rhythm?

A
  • Lidocaine bolus
  • Pulseless V tach/ V fib- Defibrillation
33
Q

What causes hypertension?

A
  • Pain/ Nociception
  • Light anaesthesia plane
  • Hypercapnia/ Metabolic acidosis
  • Underlying cardiac or renal disease
  • Pheochromocytoma
34
Q

How do you treat hypertension?

A
  • Identify and treat the cause
  • Drugs that cause vasodilation
  • Increased concentration of anaesthetic agents
  • Acepromazine
  • Beta adrenergic blockers
35
Q

What occurs during haemorrhage?

A

Decreased plasma volume, decreased haemoglobin concentration, decreased O2 carrying capacity,

36
Q

What is the cause of hypothermia?

A
  • Effect of anaesthetic drugs on the thermoregulatory centre
  • Skin and body cavities exposure to low ambient temperature
37
Q

What are the consequences of hypothermia?

A
  • Decreased metabolism
  • Prolonged recovery
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Shivering
  • Hypoventilation
  • Increased likelihood of wound infection
38
Q

How do you prevent/ treat hypothermia?

A
  • Minimal clipping
  • Warm fluids
  • Low gas flow
  • Active rewarming
39
Q

What are the clinical signs of an inadequate anaesthesia depth?

A
  • Sudden increase in heart rate
  • Change of respiratory rate
  • Change of eye position
  • Presence of strong palpebral reflex
  • Change in jaw tone
  • Sudden Movement
40
Q

What may cause hypercapnia?

technical errors

A
  • Exhausted Co2 resorber
  • Inadequate fresh gas valve
  • Faulty valves
41
Q

What may cause hypercapnia?

metabolism

A
  • Fever
  • Hyperthermia
  • Malignant hyperthermia
  • Seizures
  • Hyperthyroidism

VMS 3010 (102 decks)

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