Adult Ruminant 3- Non-Stomach Conditions

Question 1

What is Johne’s disease?

Answer 1

Chronic Wasting disease
Causes chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis
Signs appear at 2-5 years old after a stressful event

Question 2

What are the clinical signs of Johne’s disease?

Answer 2

Reduced Production and fertility
Severe progressive weight loss
Intermittent diarrhoea
no blood or mucus
oedema, emaciation and death

Question 3

How would you diagnose Johne’s disease?

Answer 3

No test is 100%, Use Ziehl-Neelson staining of faecal smears or histo section
Bacteriological culture of faeces
Faecal PCR
Blood or Milk ELISA-> used to detect antibodies

Question 4

How would you control/ Prevent Johne’s disease?

Answer 4

Minimum yearly testing
Red cows should be culled (start with the most red)
Protect calves from all manure and milk from amber cows
+ve cows should calve in a separate pen

Question 5

What are the three main types of BVDV?

Answer 5

Acute, PI, mucousal

Question 6

Name 3 ways you might diagnose BVD?

Answer 6

PCR for antigen
Ear notch testing for antigen ELISA or PCR
Bulk tank PCR for herd screening

Question 7

What is a trojan cow?

Answer 7

Cow that contains a PI Calf

Question 8

What are the two main types of salmonella?

Answer 8

S.dublin
s.typhimurium

Question 9

What are some herd level risk factors that increase the likelihood of Salmonella?

Answer 9

Buying-in animals
Direct contact with other animals
Surface water on farm
Grazing over the summer
Liver fluke

Question 10

What are the clinical signs of salmonella?

Answer 10

Pyrexia
Faeces
Mucus
Fibrin cast

Question 11

How would you diagnose salmonella?

Answer 11

Culture of aborted foetal stomach
Serology screen of 10 calves
Clinical signs in adult animals

Question 12

How would you treat salmonella?

Answer 12

Antimicrobials if septicaemic
Fluids= Oral/ IV
NSAIDS
Can also vaccinate which will reduce abortion and shedding

Question 13

What is the most common cause of winter dysentry?

Answer 13

Bovine Coronavirus

Question 14

What are the clinical signs of winter dysentry?

Answer 14

Acute onset explosive diarrhoea
Green/ brown mucus

Question 15

How would you diagnose winter dysentry?

Answer 15

Excusion of other pathogens
Coronavirus ELISA

Question 16

How would you treat Winter Dysentry?

Answer 16

They usually have a spontaneous recovery after 3-5 days
also supportive therapy

Question 17

What is the most common cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle?

Answer 17

Ostergia ostertagi

Question 18

How would you diagnose PGE in cattle?

Answer 18

History
Grazing pattern
Weather
Previous anthelmintic treatments
Faecal egg counts
Type I High
Type II Probably absent
Pepsinogen levels

Question 19

How would you treat PGE in cattle?

Answer 19

Type I: All anthelmintics (chose wisely to avoid
resistance!)
Type II: Group 3 anthelmintics (avermectin)
Supportive therapy

Question 20

How would you prevent PGE in cattle?

Answer 20

Grazing management
Strategic anthelmintic treatments
Type I: ~3, 8 and 13 weeks post turnout
Type II: Ivermectin at housing
Faecal egg counts

Question 21

What is the most common cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep?

Answer 21

Nematodirus battus

Question 22

What are the clinical signs of nematodirus battus?

Answer 22

Weight loss, diarrhoea, faecal staining around perineum, dehydration, death
Usually spring in young lambs
weather changes → outbreaks in older lambs later in season

Question 23

How would you diagnose PGE in lambs?

Answer 23

FEC unhelpful
1 egg signifies a problem. Useful for monitoring treatment efficacy
Clinical signs and Post-mortem

Question 24

How would you treat PGE in lambs?

Answer 24

Use of strategic benzimadzole anthelmintics

Question 25

What are the control measures of PGE in lambs?

Answer 25

Not grazing next years lambs on the same pasture as last year due to carry over of pasture contamination Use of risk forecasts to predict mass hatchings of L3

Question 26

What does acorn poisoning do?

Answer 26

Causes severe kidney damage

Question 27

What are the clinical signs of acorn poisoning?

Answer 27

Anorexia, depression, weight loss Rumen stasis → foetid, tarry diarrhoea Death 4-7 days Sudden death

Question 28

How do you prevent acorn poisoning?

Answer 28

avoid grazing around Oak trees in Autumn

Question 29

What is the affect of yew poisoning?

Answer 29

Toxic alkaloids affect the heart muscle even more toxic after cutting

Question 30

What is the lethal dose of fresh plant material?

Answer 30

1-10g/kg BW

Question 31

What are the clinical signs of yew poisoning?

Answer 31

Muscle tremors and incoordination nervousness Difficulty breathing Vomiting and diarrhoea Convulsions

Question 32

What is choke?

Answer 32

Oesophagus is obstructed by food or foreign objects e.g root vegetables

Question 33

What are the clinical signs of choke?

Answer 33

Free-gas bloat, Ptyalism, nasal discharge of food + water

Question 34

How would you diagnose Choke?

Answer 34

Inability to pass a stomach tube

Question 35

How would you treat choke?

Answer 35

Troca in the left paralumbar fossa Solid objects may be massaged free or spontaneously dislodged caution if attempt to push down the oesophagus

Question 36

What does jejunal haemorrhage syndrome look like?

Answer 36

acute, localised, necrotising haemorrhagic enteritis of the small intestine leading to the development of an intraluminal blood clot

Question 37

What are the clinical signs of jejunal haemorrhage syndrome?

Answer 37

Sudden onset of abdominal pain, progressing to sternal recumbancy, shock and death

Question 38

How would you diagnose Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome?

Answer 38

made either during an exploratory laparotomy or at necropsy (may be able to see with U/S)

Question 39

What may peritonitis be secondary to?

Answer 39

Calving injuries Abomasal ulcers TRP Intestinal torsion Liver abscess Surgery

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of peritonitis?

Answer 40

Chronic – non-specific clinical signs Localised vs diffuse Abdominal tenderness and rigidity Pyrexia, anorexia and milk drop Rumen stasis and ileus Low faecal output Acute = dry Chronic = fluid Endotoxaemia

Question 41

What may the calf of a Johne's cow be tagged as?

Answer 41

Tagged based on risk, e.g they may be a J3 when born

Question 42

What happens when a cow is infected with BVD and does not abort?

Answer 42

Persistently infected calf

Question 43

What are the only animals that get mucousal BVD?

Answer 43

PI animals

Question 44

Why do you need to re-test BVD?

Answer 44

To be able to distinguish Persistently Infected Calves From acutely Infected Calves

Question 45

What is the best antibiotic to use for salmonella?

Answer 45

TMPS

Question 46

How might you treat PGE in lambs?

Answer 46

use of strategic benzimidazole anthelmintics (white drench)

Question 47

What disease has high morbidity but low mortality?

Answer 47

Ostertagia Ostertagi

Question 48

What bacteria causes jejunal haemorrhage syndrome?

Answer 48

Clostridum perfringens type A