Adult Ruminant 3- Non-Stomach Conditions Flashcards
What is Johne’s disease?
Chronic Wasting disease
Causes chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis
Signs appear at 2-5 years old after a stressful event
What are the clinical signs of Johne’s disease?
Reduced Production and fertility
Severe progressive weight loss
Intermittent diarrhoea
no blood or mucus
oedema, emaciation and death
How would you diagnose Johne’s disease?
No test is 100%, Use Ziehl-Neelson staining of faecal smears or histo section
Bacteriological culture of faeces
Faecal PCR
Blood or Milk ELISA-> used to detect antibodies
How would you control/ Prevent Johne’s disease?
Minimum yearly testing
Red cows should be culled (start with the most red)
Protect calves from all manure and milk from amber cows
+ve cows should calve in a separate pen
What are the three main types of BVDV?
Acute, PI, mucousal
Name 3 ways you might diagnose BVD?
PCR for antigen
Ear notch testing for antigen ELISA or PCR
Bulk tank PCR for herd screening
What is a trojan cow?
Cow that contains a PI Calf
What are the two main types of salmonella?
S.dublin
s.typhimurium
What are some herd level risk factors that increase the likelihood of Salmonella?
Buying-in animals
Direct contact with other animals
Surface water on farm
Grazing over the summer
Liver fluke
What are the clinical signs of salmonella?
Pyrexia
Faeces
Mucus
Fibrin cast
How would you diagnose salmonella?
Culture of aborted foetal stomach
Serology screen of 10 calves
Clinical signs in adult animals
How would you treat salmonella?
Antimicrobials if septicaemic
Fluids= Oral/ IV
NSAIDS
Can also vaccinate which will reduce abortion and shedding
What is the most common cause of winter dysentry?
Bovine Coronavirus
What are the clinical signs of winter dysentry?
Acute onset explosive diarrhoea
Green/ brown mucus
How would you diagnose winter dysentry?
Excusion of other pathogens
Coronavirus ELISA
How would you treat Winter Dysentry?
They usually have a spontaneous recovery after 3-5 days
also supportive therapy
What is the most common cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle?
Ostergia ostertagi
How would you diagnose PGE in cattle?
History
Grazing pattern
Weather
Previous anthelmintic treatments
Faecal egg counts
Type I High
Type II Probably absent
Pepsinogen levels
How would you treat PGE in cattle?
Type I: All anthelmintics (chose wisely to avoid
resistance!)
Type II: Group 3 anthelmintics (avermectin)
Supportive therapy
How would you prevent PGE in cattle?
Grazing management
Strategic anthelmintic treatments
Type I: ~3, 8 and 13 weeks post turnout
Type II: Ivermectin at housing
Faecal egg counts
What is the most common cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep?
Nematodirus battus
What are the clinical signs of nematodirus battus?
Weight loss, diarrhoea, faecal staining around perineum, dehydration, death
Usually spring in young lambs
weather changes → outbreaks in older lambs later in season
How would you diagnose PGE in lambs?
FEC unhelpful
1 egg signifies a problem. Useful for monitoring treatment efficacy
Clinical signs and Post-mortem
How would you treat PGE in lambs?
Use of strategic benzimadzole anthelmintics
What are the control measures of PGE in lambs?
Not grazing next years lambs on the same pasture as last year due to carry over of
pasture contamination
Use of risk forecasts to predict mass hatchings of L3
What does acorn poisoning do?
Causes severe kidney damage
What are the clinical signs of acorn poisoning?
Anorexia, depression, weight loss
Rumen stasis → foetid, tarry diarrhoea
Death 4-7 days
Sudden death
How do you prevent acorn poisoning?
avoid grazing around Oak trees in Autumn
What is the affect of yew poisoning?
Toxic alkaloids affect the heart muscle
even more toxic after cutting
What is the lethal dose of fresh plant material?
1-10g/kg BW
What are the clinical signs of yew poisoning?
Muscle tremors and incoordination
nervousness
Difficulty breathing
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Convulsions
What is choke?
Oesophagus is obstructed by food or foreign objects e.g root vegetables
What are the clinical signs of choke?
Free-gas bloat, Ptyalism, nasal discharge of food + water
How would you diagnose Choke?
Inability to pass a stomach tube
How would you treat choke?
Troca in the left paralumbar fossa
Solid objects may be massaged free or spontaneously dislodged
caution if attempt to push down the oesophagus
What does jejunal haemorrhage syndrome look like?
acute, localised, necrotising haemorrhagic enteritis of the small intestine leading to the development of an intraluminal blood clot
What are the clinical signs of jejunal haemorrhage syndrome?
Sudden onset of abdominal pain, progressing to sternal recumbancy, shock and death
How would you diagnose Jejunal haemorrhage syndrome?
made either during an exploratory laparotomy or at
necropsy (may be able to see with U/S)
What may peritonitis be secondary to?
Calving injuries
Abomasal ulcers
TRP
Intestinal torsion
Liver abscess
Surgery
What are the clinical signs of peritonitis?
Chronic – non-specific clinical signs
Localised vs diffuse
Abdominal tenderness and rigidity
Pyrexia, anorexia and milk drop
Rumen stasis and ileus
Low faecal output
Acute = dry
Chronic = fluid
Endotoxaemia
What may the calf of a Johne’s cow be tagged as?
Tagged based on risk, e.g they may be a J3 when born
What happens when a cow is infected with BVD and does not abort?
Persistently infected calf
What are the only animals that get mucousal BVD?
PI animals
Why do you need to re-test BVD?
To be able to distinguish Persistently Infected Calves From acutely Infected Calves
What is the best antibiotic to use for salmonella?
TMPS
How might you treat PGE in lambs?
use of strategic benzimidazole anthelmintics (white drench)
What disease has high morbidity but low mortality?
Ostertagia Ostertagi
What bacteria causes jejunal haemorrhage syndrome?
Clostridum perfringens type A
