Approach to skin conditions of production animal Flashcards
What are the clinical signs of mites?
- Pruritus, Loss of fleece
- Multiple animals affected
How would you diagnose mites in sheep?
- Skin scrapes and microscopy
- Serology for AB sheep scab
How would you treat mites?
(even unaffected animals)
Injectable – macrocyclic lactones (e.g. doramectin) – difficult for Chorioptes!
Sheep- Plunge dipping in organophosphates (although environmentally
hazardous)
What are the clinical signs of mites
- Pruritus, loss of hair
- Pustular, crusted, scaly skin
- multiple animals are affected
How would you diagnose mites in cattle?
Skin scrapes and microscopy
How would you treat mites in cattle?
Pour-on Permethrin, Macrocyclic lactones (e.g. Ivermectin, eprinomectin)
Injectable – macrocyclic lactones (less effective for Chorioptes)
Move animals to “clean” housing (no animals for 3 weeks)
What are the clinical signs of lice cattle?
Pruritus and loss of hair
Rough skin > bruises > wounds > sec. infection
Anemia
How would you diagnose lice in cattle?
Visible parasites on skin surface
Skin scrapes and microscopy
How would you treat lice in cattle?
Pour-on/Spot-on pyrethroids (e.g. Deltamethrin) or
macrocyclic lactones
Injectable macrocyclic lactones will target sucking
lice only (less effective)
Repeat tx? Eggs!
How would you prevent lice in cattle?
Routine anti-ectoparasite treatments? Resistance?
Biosecurity (same as mites)
What are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease?
Immediate movement restrictions
Strict biosecurity
Cull whole herd/flock
Vaccination possible in endemic countries
What are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
- Hypersalivation
- Similiar in appearance to FMD
- Vesicles, Ulcers, erosions
What are the clinical signs of bluetongue?
Oedema muzzle, tongue and coronary bands
Crusted muzzle
Sialorrhea and nasal discharge
Skin erythema
How would you diagnose bluetongue?
- Virus Isolation
- Serology
- PME
How would you treat mites in cattle?
Pour-on Permethrin, Macrocyclic lactones (e.g. Ivermectin, eprinomectin)
Injectable – macrocyclic lactones (less effective for Chorioptes)
Move animals to “clean” housing (no animals for 3 weeks)
How would you prevent mites in cattle?
Biosecurity – closed herd, quarantine treatments, fencing
What are the clinical signs of lice in cattle?
Pruritus and loss of hair
Rough skin > bruises > wounds > sec. infection
Anemia
How would you diagnose lice in cattle?
Visible parasites on skin surface
Skin scrapes and microscopy
What is the issue with injectable macrocyclic lactones?
Only target sucking lice and therefore are less effective
What happens when you rest a warm hand on an animal for a minute or so?
Encourages lice to to move to the surface where they can be easily observed
What are the clinical signs of bovicola ovis?
Pruritus and loss of fleece/damage to hide
‘cockle’ hide – nodular skin defect due to immune response
How might you diagnose bovicola ovis?
Visible parasites on skin surface
Skin scrapes and microscopy
What is the treatment for bovicola ovis?
Pour-on/Spot-on pyrethroids – less effective in full fleeced sheep
Plunge dipping in organophosphates (although environmentally hazardous)
What are the clinical signs of blowfly strike?
Isolation from the flock, disturbed grazing
Discoloured wool
Agitation and kicking or nibbling at the affected area
Maggots
Pustular, foul smelling pyoderma – secondary bacterial infection
Typically affects the perineum, flank, or between the digits (associated with foot rot)
Pyrexia
Toxaemia
Recumbency and Death
How might you diagnose blowfly strike?
Clinical signs
History (not been sheared, faecal staining due to endoparasites)
How might you be able to prevent blowfly strike?
Severe welfare concern
Client education – importance of shearing
Fly treatment – Pour-on/Spot-on pyrethroids every 4-8 weeks during the grazing season
(persistence of action?)
Endoparasite control to reduce diarrhoea
Address wounds and lameness
What are the clinical signs of a warble fly bite?
3mm soft painful swellings on the back of the
animal
What are the clinical signs of different tick species?
Swelling over tick bites
Vector for secondary diseases:
Babesia “redwater”
– anaemia, haemaglobinuria
Theileria
– anaemia, haemagolbinuria
Anaplasma
– pyrexia, anaemia, abortion
Lyme disease
– milk drop, swollen joints, pyrexia
Louping ill
– neurological signs, pyrexia
How might you prevent ticks?
Avoid grazing pastures with known tick burdens
Improve pastures (long term)
Anti-parasitic spot-ons
What are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
Hypersalivation
Similar in appearance to FMD but only affecting mouth and
sometimes teats
Vesicles, ulcers, erosions, crusting
What are the clinical signs of mucousal disease?
Ulcerated, erythematous lesions over mucosal surfaces
Diarrhoea
Usually in a poor doing animal
Known BVD infected herd/unknown status
What are the clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever?
Extreme pyrexia (40.5-42.0⁰C)
Depression, inappetence
Painful crusting over the muzzle
Similar appearance to BVD mucosal disease
Corneal oedema
How would you treat papillomavirus?
Usually self-limiting
Disinfect at milking
Surgical excision if causing irritation or impairing function
What are the clinical signs of bovine herpes mammilitis?
Ulcerative lesions on teats
Mostly in 1st parity heifers
How might you treat bovine herpes mammilitis?
Symptomatic
Stop milking
Disinfect to prevent secondary pyoderma
What is rain scald/ dermatophilus?
Dermatophilus congolensis
* Lesions affect the dorsum, following prolonged wet weather
* Rarely clinically relevant
* Symptomatic treatment
How would you treat ringworm in cattle?
Limited evidence for treatment efficacy
Antifungals – topical itraconazole, enilconazole
Sunlight
What are the two forms of photosensitisation?
- Primary= caused by the sunlight
- Secondary= caused by hepatic dysfunction
What bacteria are skin abscesses commonly associated with?
Associated with Fusobacterium necorphorum and
Trueperella pyogenes
How would you diagnose photosensitisation? in cattle?
Secondary – liver biochemistry
Primary – by excluding liver pathology
Difficult to rule out photodynamic plant
How would you treat photosensitisation in cattle?
Remove from sunlight for 2-4 weeks
Corticosteroids
Treat underlying liver disease (often euthanasia)
How would you treat squamous cell carcinoma around the eyes?
Surgical excision
Name 4 treatment options that you can use for mites in sheep
- Diazinion- plunge dip
- Ivermectin
- Doramectin (injection)
- Moxidectin (either 1 or 2% )
What is ligonathus vituli?
Sucking louse in cattle, effects the dewlap and brisket
