Therapeutics for skin Flashcards
What are B-lactam antibiotics?
They inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with the transpeptidation of bacterial well synthesis
bacteriocidal and time-depndent
When would you use B-lactam antibiotics for superficial pyoderma?
– Rx minimum of 3 weeks including
at least 7-10 days after resolution of clinical lesions
When would you use B-lactam antibiotics for a deep pyoderma?
Rx at least 4-6 weeks including not less
than 2 weeks after resolution of clinical lesions
What is the function of tetracyclines?
inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria –
bacteriostatic, time-dependent
* Foot rot in sheep and topical infections caused by organisms
sensitive to oxytetracycline in cattle, sheep and pigs
What is the function of sulfonamides
Sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase
inhibitors (e.g. trimethoprim) interfere with the
production of folic acid and thereby purine
synthesis, usually combined (TMPS) - bactericidal,
time-dependen
Wound infections and open or drained abscesses in horses
What is the function of Lincosamides?
- Inhibit protein synthesis
- clindamycin for treatment of infected wounds
and abscesses and antimicrobial cover for dental
procedures in dogs & cats
What can you not administer to chinchillas, rabbits, hamsters, horses or ruminants
Lincosamide
because ingestion of
clindamycin by these species may result in severe gastrointestinal disturbance
What is fusidic acid?
inhibits protein synthesis of bacteria -
bacteriostatic, high concentrations may be bactericidal.
Activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including
Staphylococcus spp
What is polymyxin B?
binds to phospholipids in the bacterial
cytoplasmic membrane and disrupts the membrane -
bactericidal. Active against Gram-negative bacteria.
What is the function of imidazoles?
inhibit ergosterol incorporation into cell membranes, cause increased
cell wall permeability and leakage of cellular contents
What is the function of micanozole?
antifungal and has activity against yeasts
What is the function of nystatin?
- broad spectrum antifungal, noted for its activity
against Candida
What is a triazole?
same mode of action to miconazole - itraconazole is
the systemic treatment of choice (cascade)
What is the function of griseofulvin?
exact antifungal MoA uncertain - absorbed over a
prolonged period from the GI tract and deposited in keratin
precursor cells. Concentrates in stratum corneum, nail and in
hair thus preventing fungal invasion of newly forming cells.
What is the function of a macrocytic lactone?
Opens glutamate
What is Griseofulvin?
exact antifungal MoA uncertain - absorbed over a
prolonged period from the GI tract and deposited in keratin
precursor cells. Concentrates in stratum corneum, nail and in
hair thus preventing fungal invasion of newly forming cells.
- used to treat ringworm in horses
What is Triazole?
same mode of action to miconazole - itraconazole is
the systemic treatment of choice (cascade)
What does imidacloprid and nitenpyram belong to?
neonicotinoid group of insecticides. High affinity for post-synaptic nicotinic ACh receptors – results in paralysis and death of fleas & larvae
What is the function of Pyrethyroids?
Pyrethroids (permethrin/cypermethrin/flumethrin) – many
mechanisms proposed - act on sodium channels causing
initial excitement then paralysis and death
What is the function of amitraz?
formamidine insecticide/acaracide, octopamine
receptor agonist - increases nervous activity in synapses – rapid
detachment/death of parasites
What is amitraz used to treat?
Used to treat mites, esp. demodicosis. Weekly wash until
2 negative skin scraps/hair plucks 2 weeks apart.
* Prepare outside, use in well-ventilated area, wear gloves
* AEs – acts as alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist (like xylazine)
in mammals - sedation and bradycardia can be reversed
with alpha-2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, atipamezole
What is the function of glucocorticoids?
Highly effective anti-inflammatory drugs, frequently used,
cheap
* prednisolone and dexamethasone most commonly used
What is the function of ciclosprin?
Inhibits activation of T-lymphocytes on antigenic
stimulation by impairing the production of IL-2 and other Tcell derived cytokines.
– May take 2-4 weeks for improvement to occur
– AEs – transient vomiting & diarrhoea, gingival hyperplasia,
hirsutism, muscle weakness/cramps
What is oclacinitib?
a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor - inhibits variety of
cytokines dependent on JAK enzyme activity – including
proinflammatory cytokines which have a role in allergic
responses/pruritis
What is lokivetmab?
is a caninised monoclonal antibody for treatment
of atopic dermatitis in dogs
* Specifically targets the inflammatory cytokine canine
interleukin-31 (IL-31)
Give two examples of B-lactam antibiotics
- Penicllins
- Cephalosporins
What are sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase used for?
Wound infections and open or drained abscesses in horses
What is clindamycin used for?
treatment of infected wounds and abscesses and antimcirobuial cover for dental procedures in dogs and cats
What is the function of imidacloprid?
High affinity for post-synaptic nicotinic
ACh receptors – results in paralysis and death of fleas & larvae
* Good safety, virtually no effect on mammalian CNS
What are the most commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs?
prednisolone and dexamethasone
What is the function of cicliosporin
In terms of anti-inflammatory
Inhibits activation of T-lymphocytes on antigenic
stimulation by impairing the production of IL-2 and other Tcell derived cytokines.
– May take 2-4 weeks for improvement to occur
– AEs – transient vomiting & diarrhoea, gingival hyperplasia,
hirsutism, muscle weakness/cramps
What is the function of oclacitinib?
a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor - inhibits variety of
cytokines dependent on JAK enzyme activity – including
proinflammatory cytokines which have a role in allergic
responses/pruritis
What are the potential adverse effects of oclacitinib?
Diarrohoea, Vomiting, Anorexia, Lethargy, Polydipsia
What is the function of lokivetmab?
a caninised monoclonal antibody for treatment
of atopic dermatitis in dogs
* Specifically targets the inflammatory cytokine canine
interleukin-31 (IL-31
