Approach to sinus formation

Question 1

What is a sinus tract?

Answer 1

• Draining tract open to the skin surface
• A way for the body to remove unwanted material
• Acheived by pus production

Question 2

What is an abscess?

Answer 2

❖Localised collection of purulent material
❖Fibrous capsule -can be very hard / may have a weak point
❖If bacteria / foreign body persists- chronic intermittent discharge through sinus

Question 3

What are the main causes of sinus tracts and abscesses?

Answer 3

• Traumatic
• Inflammatory
• Neoplasia
• Secondary Infection of primary skin disease
• Iatrogenic = sequelae of necrosis or subcut rupture

Question 4

Name three primay causes of abscesses

Answer 4

• Penetrating trauma
• Foreign Body
• Feline Leprosy

Question 5

Name some secondary causes of abscesses

Answer 5

• Deep pyoderma
• Anal sacculitis
• Canine juvenile cellulitis
• Sterile nodular panniculitis
• Feline acne
• Neoplasia

Question 6

What are the common locations of a cat bite abscess?

Answer 6

• Tail base
• Shoulder
• Face
• Neck
• Legs

Question 7

What are the systemic signs of a cat bite abscess?

Answer 7

anorexia, pyrexia, lethargy

Question 8

What is deep pyoderma?

Answer 8

Bacterial infections involving the dermis and often subcutaneous tissues. Can be ulcerative crusty lesions with tissue oedema purulent haemorrhagic exudate

Question 9

Where are grass seeds most common?

Answer 9

Very common in dogs – leads to
pododermatitis and secondary
bacterial infection
Can migrate proximally - Surgical
remove and flush

Question 10

What are the signs of a grass seed?

Answer 10

*Interdigital erythema
*Pustule, haemorrhagic bullae, abscess
*Draining sinus tract
*Pruritic –licking and chewing
*Can be chronic

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of anal sac disease?

Answer 11

• Scooting
• Licking
• Biting
• Tenesmus
• Tail chasing

Question 12

What are the characteristics of anal sac disease?

Answer 12

• Abscess in the perianal region
• Draining sinus

Question 13

What are the characteristics of feline leprosy?

Answer 13

• Rapidly progressive
• Locally spreading
• Raised tumour-like nodules
• Often ulcerated and drainibg sinus
• Often on legs

Question 14

How would you diagnose feline leprosy?

Answer 14

• Cytology, Histopathology

Question 15

How would you treat feline leprosy?

Answer 15

• Excision carries the best prognosis
• Long term antibiotic therapy

Question 16

What are the management considerations for feline leprosy?

Answer 16

• Zoonosis is rare and considered not contagious
• Risk to immunocomprimised owner

Question 17

What are the characteristics of canine juvenile cellulitis?

Answer 17

• Vesicles, Papules, Crusts
• Swollen exudative pinna
• Febrile and anorexic

Question 18

How would you treat canine juvenile cellulitis?

Answer 18

• Antibiotics if it’s a secondary infection
• Corticosteroids

Question 19

What is the prognosis for Canine Juvenile Cellulitis?

Answer 19

Good
Tends to improve in 4-5days

Question 20

What are the characteristics of sterile nodular panniculitis?

Answer 20

• Deep seated nodules
• Painful and fluctuant to firm
• Drains as a yellow, oily exudate
• Anywhere on the body
• Fever, Anorexia, Depression

Question 21

How would you treat sterile nodular panniculitis?

Answer 21

• Surgical excision
• Antibiotics
• Immunosuppresive dose corticosteroids

Question 22

what is a pyoderma?

Answer 22

skin infection with formation of pus
Can be primary or secondary

Question 23

What bacteria makes up 90% of canine pyodermas?

Answer 23

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Question 24

What does staphylococcus pseudintermedius produce?

Answer 24

Produces variety of substances including enterotoxins, toxic shock protein, protein A and
haemolysins
* Increase adhesion to keratinocytes and act as superantigens that upregulate immune
response
* Some strains produce slime that encapsulates the bacteria and inhibits phagocytosis whilst
increasing it’s ability to adhere

Question 25

What is a surface pyoderma?

Answer 25

Common in small animal practice. Bacterial
infections of the epidermal layers of the skin. E.g. acute moist
dermatitis, Intertrigo

Question 26

What is a superficial pyoderma?

Answer 26

Pustule formation within the epidermis or
hair follicle. E.g.- Impetigo, Mucocutaneous pyoderma, Superficial
bacterial folliculitis

Question 27

What is a deep pyoderma?

Answer 27

Bacterial infections of the dermis and
subcutaneous tissues

Question 28

What is intertigo otherwise known as?

Answer 28

Bacterial infection that involves the epidermal layers of the skin

Question 29

What is impetigo?

Answer 29

Bacterial infections that involve the epidermal layers of the skin and the formation of pustules in the epidermal layer

Question 30

What are the causes of impetigo?

Answer 30

• maybe due to immune compromise
• gastrointestinal parasites (worming),
• parasitism (parasite treatment)
• other viral infections (vaccination),
• poor nutrition (diet improvement),
• dirty environment (clean environment), etc.

Question 31

What are the primary causes of bullous impetigo?

Answer 31

• Hyperadrenocorticism
• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypothyroidism etc.

Question 32

What is a deep pyoderma?

Answer 32

Bacterial infections involving the dermis and often subcutaneous tissues. Can be ulcerative crusty lesions with tissue oedema and purulent haemorrhagic exudate

Question 33

what is the most common immune mediated disease

Answer 33

phemphigus foliaceous
sterile eosinophillic pustulosis

Question 34

what is acanthyloysis

Answer 34

the separation and breakdown of skin cells due to tissuebound antibody deposits in the space between cells.

Question 35

what are the causes of pemphigus foliaceous

Answer 35

• Idiopathic – majority
• Medications
• Allergy?

Question 36

What are the clinical signs of pemphigus folliaceous?

Answer 36

• Pustular erosive crusting lesions
• Lesions often are symmetrical
• Lesion locations – ears, nipple area, nose, foot pads etc…-nasal depigmentation may occur
• Lesions look like epidermal collates with time
• The pustule is sterile no bacteria is observed