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Medical > Week 2- Sepsis > Flashcards

Week 2- Sepsis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does bactericidal mean?

A

Kills the Bactria

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2
Q

What is bacteriostatic?

A

Slowing the growth of bacteria cells

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3
Q

How do some antibiotics control infection by disrupting the cell membrane?

A

They bind to the cell membrane increasing permeability and disrupt osmotic balance causing osmotic uptake and lysis.

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4
Q

How do some antibiotic control infection the cell wall?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis which are bath
are bactericidal
Penicillins, cephlasporins

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5
Q

How do some antibiotic control infection by disrupting the DNA, RNA or protein synthesis?

A

Inhabitation of synthesis of DNA/RNA which causes inhibition of protein synthesis

targeting 50th/30th subunit of ribosomes disrupting proteins - bacteriostatic

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6
Q

Describe how some antibiotics control infection by disrupting the folic acid metabolism in a cell.?

A

Preventing conversion of PABA to foliate which disrupts DNA production

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7
Q

What does bacterium stand for?

A

The precedes of bacteria in the blood

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8
Q

What does septicaemia describe?

A

A state where there has been multiplication of bacteria in the. blood stream causing other symptoms of systemic infection

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9
Q

What is a blood culture?

A

Involves taking blood from the vein and inoculating it into blood culture bottles.
Which contain molecules to support the growth of blood contents and inhibit the work of antibodies

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10
Q

How does a blood gas analyser detect positive results for a blood culture?

A

Integrated equipment at 35 degrees to allow for the growth of bacteria, and agitated to move contents and an growth detector system built in
Incubation for up to 5 days
Presence of CO2 is detected fluorescent light presence

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11
Q

Describe what the ‘final antibiotic susceptibility’ tells the treating clinician?

A

if the bacteria is susceptible to antibiotics or if they will work for the treatment of the bacteria

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12
Q

What pathogen causes whooping cough?

A

bacterium Bordetella

pertussis.

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13
Q

List the the symptom of whooping cough?

A

severe cough – occurs in bouts
characteristic ‘whooping’ sound on inhalation
vomiting at the end of a bout of coughing
apnoea – the child stops breathing for periods of time and may go blue.

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14
Q

List the complications of whooping cough?

A 
haemorrhage (bleeding)
apnoea (stopping breathing for periods of time)
pneumonia
inflammation of the brain
convulsions (fits) and coma
permanent brain damage
death
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15
Q

Treatment for whooping cough?

A

Antibiotics

immunisation (prevention)

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16
Q

Explain the notification requirement for measles.

A

Urgent Notification within 5 days of diagnosis and pathology follow up written notification

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17
Q

What pathogen causes measles?

A

Virus member of the genus Morbillivirius

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18
Q

List the clinical features of measles.

A

generalised maculopapular rash usally lasting more than three days
fever at time of rash
cough or conjunctivitis or kopek spots

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19
Q

Discuss the public health significance and occurrence of measles.

A

Extremely contagious and deadly and even with vaccine coverage outbreaks and epidemics cn occur

20
Q

Discuss the mode of transmission and susceptibility to measles.?

A

Respiratory droplet that is present for 2 hours post secretion
Susceptibility- after 12month I immunisation 95% protection and up tp 99% protection after 3rd dose

21
Q

Discuss control measures for measles.?

A

Vaccines
exclysuins from childcare for 4 days after onset of rash
contact of close contacts

22
Q

State the pathogen which causes meningococcal disease.

A

a bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis

23
Q

List the two main forms of meningococcal disease?

A

Meningococcal disease usually takes the form of a blood infection (septicaemia) or an infection of the membranes
covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). T

24
Q

Discuss the vaccines available for the different strains of meningococcal disease.

A

Meningococcal vaccines are available to protect against disease strains A, B, C, W and Y.

25
Q

Discuss the mode of transmission and high-risk groups for meningococcal disease.

A 
Meningococcal bacteria are difficult to spread. They are only passed from person to person by close, prolonged
household contact (living in the same house) or intimate contact with infected secretions from the back of the nose
and throat (such as deep kissing).
26
Q

List the symptoms of meningococcal disease for babies, children and adults.

A 
fever
headache
loss of appetite
neck stiffness
discomfort when looking at bright lights (photophobia)
nausea and/or vomiting 
diarrhoea
aching or sore muscles 
painful or swollen joints
difficulty walking
general malaise 
moaning, unintelligible speech
drowsiness
confusion
collapse
rash of red or purple pinprick spots or larger bruises
27
Q

Discuss the importance of early treatment for meningococcal disease.

A

If meningococcal disease is suspected, an antibiotic (usually penicillin) is given immediately by injection. People
with meningococcal disease are always admitted to hospital and may require admission to an intensive care unit.
The sooner people receive treatment, the less damage the disease may cause.

28
Q

Define the terms sepsis and septic shock as per the ‘Third International Consensus’ 2016.

A

“ Sepsis is now defined as a life-threatening
organ dysfunction resulting from a
dysregulated host response to infection

29
Q

List the three elements of the qSOFA, bedside sepsis screening tool.

A
30
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances produced naturally by microorganisims which can kill or inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms.

31
Q

Who does meningococcal diseases affect?

A

Children u der 5

32
Q

How is meningococcal disease spread?

A

Through droplets
Throat-blood-meningitis of the brain
Throat- blood- sepsis- DIC and then skin rash

33
Q

How is the rash formed in meningococcal?

A

Hyper- coagulopathy dude to the inflammation response causes blood to clot outside of the capillaries
Dose not. blanch when touched as it is unable to go back into the capillaries

34
Q

What are the common symptoms of meningococcal?

A 
Fever- may not be affected with medication
nausea/vominting
lac of energy 
tenderness or trosiness
confusion
dizziness
iritability/agitation
sore throat
35
Q

What are the sings and symptoms of meningitis only?

A

Bachae, stiff/painful neck/sensitivity to light

twitching/convulsions

36
Q

What are the symtoms of septicima only?

A 
Fever/cold hands and feet
cold shivers
pain in muscles
pain in chest
pale, grey or blotchy skin
rapid breathing
diorheas
rash
37
Q

What are the sings and symptoms if sepsis?

A 
High respiratory response
changels in mental status
Low systolic blood pressure
- temp >38 degrees early or <36 late
Leuocytosiss early or lucipenia late
High heart rate
38
Q

what may uncontrolled sepsis progress to

A

Septic shocl
organ failure
death

39
Q

What is the progression of sepsis?

A

Peripheral vasodilation leading to hypotension, reduced tissue perfusion and organ failure/septic shock

40
Q

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Damage to the endothelia lining of the blood vessels d which activates intrinsic collating factors of the blood vessels causing blood clotting to occur leading to tissue ischemia

41
Q

Why does DID lead to heammorage?

A

Widespread clotting consumes all clotting factors faster than their replacement from the liver- leading to heammorage and causing skin rash

42
Q

What does Low BP and clotting/bleeding result in the shutdown of organs?

A

Brain: confusion/coma
Heart: taachycardia byt cardiac output insufficent
Lungs: oedema-respiritory distress
Kidneys: renal failure
Metabolic: anaerobic metabolism- metabolic acidosis

43
Q

What does the suc\ess of sepsis treatment depend on?

A

Rapid diagnosis, early treatment with antibiotics, resuscitation, Iv fluids, maintain blood volume, adrenergic medications to elevate BP and heart contractility.

44
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A

Inflammation and damage to the liver resulting in fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and jaundice and maybe liver failure

45
Q

How are the hepatitis viruses spread?

A

Hepatitis A and E: feacal-oral spread

Hepatitis B, D, C and G are blood borne, other body fluids may lead to chronic disease

Medical (43 decks)

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