Water Transport and Plant Signaling

Question 1

Describe proton pumps in plants

Answer 1

Transport proteins that pump H+ out

Question 2

What to proton pumps create?

Answer 2

create membrane potential

Question 3

Describe membrane potential

Answer 3

negative charge on the inside positive on the outside

Question 4

How does membrane potential affect protons?

Answer 4

Protons end up flowing back into the membrane, using their movement to do work

Question 5

Describe cotransport

Answer 5

The proton gradient is used to actively transport other solutes in.

Question 6

Solute potential is also called what?

Answer 6

osmotic potential

Question 7

Solute potential is proportional to the number of ________ ________ _______.

Answer 7

dissolved solute molecules

Question 8

Is solute potential always positive or negative?

Answer 8

negative

Question 9

Solute potential determines what?

Answer 9

where osmosis takes water

Question 10

Define pressure potential

Answer 10

the physical pressure on a solution

Question 11

Is pressure potential negative or positive?

Answer 11

either

Question 12

What does pressure potential determine?

Answer 12

where water is pushed or pulled

Question 13

Define water potential

Answer 13

the combined effects of solute potential and pressure potential

Question 14

What does water potential determine

Answer 14

where water will flow

Question 15

If a plant cell has lost water, it is called ______.

Answer 15

flaccid

Question 16

Describe plasmolysis

Answer 16

protoplasm (cytoplasm+nucleoplasm) shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

Question 17

Plasmolysis has what effect on water potential?

Answer 17

lower water potential outside the cell

Question 18

When the protoplasm swells and stays stiff agains the cell wall, it is called _____.

Answer 18

turgid

Question 19

Turgid has what effect on water potential?

Answer 19

lower water potential in the cell

Question 20

What are the paths to bring water in?

Answer 20

apoplast, symplast, plasmodesmata

Question 21

Describe the apoplast path

Answer 21

formed by connecting cell walls

Question 22

Describe the symplast path

Answer 22

connecting cytosol of cells

Question 23

Describe plasmodesmata

Answer 23

gaps that connect neighboring cells

Question 24

What is used to move water in the plant?

Answer 24

root pressure

Question 25

Describe root pressure

Answer 25

water flowing into the xylem from the root cortex due to ions in the xylem

Question 26

What is used to move water up the plant?

Answer 26

transpiration

Question 27

Describe transpiration

Answer 27

the loss of water through stomata causing water to be | pulled up xylem

Question 28

Water that is pulled up xylem during transpiration is called what?

Answer 28

xylem sap

Question 29

What quality of water allows transpiration?

Answer 29

adhesion and cohesion

Question 30

What part of the plant regulates transpiration?

Answer 30

stomata

Question 31

What do guard cells do? What is the required condition for this action?

Answer 31

Bow out and open stomata. Happens when turgid

Question 32

What are some factors that cause stomata to open or close?

Answer 32

- guard cells - daylight - decreased CO2 - Drought - Heat, wind, and dry conditions

Question 33

Day light or decreased CO2 cause stomata to ____.

Answer 33

open

Question 34

Drought or flaccid cells cause stomata to ____.

Answer 34

close

Question 35

Heat, wind, and dry condition cause ______ _____ ____..

Answer 35

excess water loss

Question 36

What is used to move water down the plant?

Answer 36

translocation

Question 37

Define translocation

Answer 37

moving sugars down the plants

Question 38

What are source cells?

Answer 38

sugar producing cells that dump sugars into sieve tubes

Question 39

The water drawn in sieve tubes is called what?

Answer 39

phloem sap

Question 40

Describe sink cells

Answer 40

growing cells that consume sugars. takes sugars from the sieve tubes

Question 41

What is used for plant signaling?

Answer 41

hormones and environmental cues

Question 42

What is Auxin (IAA)?

Answer 42

a hormone that primarily causes young cell elongation (loosens the cell wall) and lateral root formation, stops leaves from falling, regulates fruiting, and causes vascular differentiation

Question 43

Describe cytokinins

Answer 43

small proteins that aid in stimulating cell division

Question 44

____ must be present with ________ to cause cell division

Answer 44

Auxins; cytokinins

Question 45

The ratio of Cytokinin to Auxin does what?

Answer 45

determines what undifferentiated cells become, and control apical dominance

Question 46

Describe gibberelins

Answer 46

any group of plant hormones that promote stem elongation, fruit production, and germination

Question 47

Brassinosteroids function similar to _____.

Answer 47

auxin

Question 48

What are the functions of brassinosteroids

Answer 48

prevent leafs from dropping and causes xylem to differentiate

Question 49

Describe Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Answer 49

a hormone that inhibits plant growth. Keeps seeds dormant, closes stomata during drought

Question 50

What does ethylene do?

Answer 50

causes fruit to ripen, helps seedlings grow around obstacles, apoptosis, and causes leaves to fall off

Question 51

What is apoptosis called in plants?

Answer 51

senescence

Question 52

What is it called when leaves fall off of plants?

Answer 52

abscission

Question 53

What are florigen

Answer 53

hypothetical flowering hormones

Question 54

Short day and Long day flowers grow on the same plant when ______.

Answer 54

grafted

Question 55

What is phototropism

Answer 55

plant response to light

Question 56

What do blue light receptors do?

Answer 56

control things such as stem elongation and stomata opening

Question 57

Red light receptors also called what?

Answer 57

phytochromes

Question 58

What do phytochromes do?

Answer 58

control things such as seed germination and shade avoidance

Question 59

A plants response to a period of light (like flowering) is called?

Answer 59

photoperiodism

Question 60

Short Day plants flower when?

Answer 60

in fall

Question 61

Give an example of a Short Day plant

Answer 61

soybean

Question 62

Long Day plants flower when?

Answer 62

in spring

Question 63

Give an example of Long Day plants

Answer 63

spinach

Question 64

When a plant doesn't rely on a photo period, it is called what?

Answer 64

Day neutral

Question 65

Give an example of a day neutral plant

Answer 65

rice

Question 66

Plant response to gravity is called?

Answer 66

gravitropism

Question 67

Roots respond _______ to gravity.

Answer 67

positively

Question 68

Stems respond _______ to gravity.

Answer 68

negatively

Question 69

Plant response to touch is called? Give an example

Answer 69

thigmotropism. (Do it for the) Vine