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AP Biology > Water Transport and Plant Signaling > Flashcards

Water Transport and Plant Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe proton pumps in plants

A

Transport proteins that pump H+ out

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2
Q

What to proton pumps create?

A

create membrane potential

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3
Q

Describe membrane potential

A

negative charge on the inside positive on the outside

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4
Q

How does membrane potential affect protons?

A

Protons end up flowing back into the membrane, using their movement to do work

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5
Q

Describe cotransport

A

The proton gradient is used to actively transport other solutes in.

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6
Q

Solute potential is also called what?

A

osmotic potential

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7
Q

Solute potential is proportional to the number of ________ ________ _______.

A

dissolved solute molecules

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8
Q

Is solute potential always positive or negative?

A

negative

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9
Q

Solute potential determines what?

A

where osmosis takes water

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10
Q

Define pressure potential

A

the physical pressure on a solution

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11
Q

Is pressure potential negative or positive?

A

either

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12
Q

What does pressure potential determine?

A

where water is pushed or pulled

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13
Q

Define water potential

A

the combined effects of solute potential and pressure potential

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14
Q

What does water potential determine

A

where water will flow

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15
Q

If a plant cell has lost water, it is called ______.

A

flaccid

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16
Q

Describe plasmolysis

A

protoplasm (cytoplasm+nucleoplasm) shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall

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17
Q

Plasmolysis has what effect on water potential?

A

lower water potential outside the cell

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18
Q

When the protoplasm swells and stays stiff agains the cell wall, it is called _____.

A

turgid

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19
Q

Turgid has what effect on water potential?

A

lower water potential in the cell

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20
Q

What are the paths to bring water in?

A

apoplast, symplast, plasmodesmata

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21
Q

Describe the apoplast path

A

formed by connecting cell walls

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22
Q

Describe the symplast path

A

connecting cytosol of cells

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23
Q

Describe plasmodesmata

A

gaps that connect neighboring cells

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24
Q

What is used to move water in the plant?

A

root pressure

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25
Q

Describe root pressure

A

water flowing into the xylem from the root cortex due to ions in the xylem

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26
Q

What is used to move water up the plant?

A

transpiration

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27
Q

Describe transpiration

A

the loss of water through stomata causing water to be

pulled up xylem

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28
Q

Water that is pulled up xylem during transpiration is called what?

A

xylem sap

29
Q

What quality of water allows transpiration?

A

adhesion and cohesion

30
Q

What part of the plant regulates transpiration?

A

stomata

31
Q

What do guard cells do? What is the required condition for this action?

A

Bow out and open stomata. Happens when turgid

32
Q

What are some factors that cause stomata to open or close?

A
  • guard cells
  • daylight
  • decreased CO2
  • Drought
  • Heat, wind, and dry conditions
33
Q

Day light or decreased CO2 cause stomata to ____.

A

open

34
Q

Drought or flaccid cells cause stomata to ____.

A

close

35
Q

Heat, wind, and dry condition cause ______ _____ ____..

A

excess water loss

36
Q

What is used to move water down the plant?

A

translocation

37
Q

Define translocation

A

moving sugars down the plants

38
Q

What are source cells?

A

sugar producing cells that dump sugars into sieve tubes

39
Q

The water drawn in sieve tubes is called what?

A

phloem sap

40
Q

Describe sink cells

A

growing cells that consume sugars. takes sugars from the sieve tubes

41
Q

What is used for plant signaling?

A

hormones and environmental cues

42
Q

What is Auxin (IAA)?

A

a hormone that primarily causes young cell elongation (loosens the cell wall) and lateral root formation, stops leaves from falling, regulates fruiting, and causes vascular differentiation

43
Q

Describe cytokinins

A

small proteins that aid in stimulating cell division

44
Q

____ must be present with ________ to cause cell division

A

Auxins; cytokinins

45
Q

The ratio of Cytokinin to Auxin does what?

A

determines what undifferentiated cells become, and control apical dominance

46
Q

Describe gibberelins

A

any group of plant hormones that promote stem elongation, fruit production, and germination

47
Q

Brassinosteroids function similar to _____.

A

auxin

48
Q

What are the functions of brassinosteroids

A

prevent leafs from dropping and causes xylem to differentiate

49
Q

Describe Abscisic Acid (ABA)

A

a hormone that inhibits plant growth. Keeps seeds dormant, closes stomata during drought

50
Q

What does ethylene do?

A

causes fruit to ripen, helps seedlings grow around obstacles, apoptosis, and causes leaves to fall off

51
Q

What is apoptosis called in plants?

A

senescence

52
Q

What is it called when leaves fall off of plants?

A

abscission

53
Q

What are florigen

A

hypothetical flowering hormones

54
Q

Short day and Long day flowers grow on the same plant when ______.

A

grafted

55
Q

What is phototropism

A

plant response to light

56
Q

What do blue light receptors do?

A

control things such as stem elongation and stomata opening

57
Q

Red light receptors also called what?

A

phytochromes

58
Q

What do phytochromes do?

A

control things such as seed germination and shade avoidance

59
Q

A plants response to a period of light (like flowering) is called?

A

photoperiodism

60
Q

Short Day plants flower when?

A

in fall

61
Q

Give an example of a Short Day plant

A

soybean

62
Q

Long Day plants flower when?

A

in spring

63
Q

Give an example of Long Day plants

A

spinach

64
Q

When a plant doesn’t rely on a photo period, it is called what?

A

Day neutral

65
Q

Give an example of a day neutral plant

A

rice

66
Q

Plant response to gravity is called?

A

gravitropism

67
Q

Roots respond _______ to gravity.

A

positively

68
Q

Stems respond _______ to gravity.

A

negatively

69
Q

Plant response to touch is called? Give an example

A

thigmotropism. (Do it for the) Vine

AP Biology (38 decks)

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