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AP Biology > Structures of the Cell > Flashcards

Structures of the Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

List the components of cell theory

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
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2
Q

Describe the range of cell size

A

Microscopic to the size of an ostrich egg yolk

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3
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image

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4
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) work?

A

they focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

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5
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) work?

A

they focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

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6
Q

What is TEM mainly used to study?

A

the internal structure of cells

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7
Q

What does cell fractionation do?

A

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

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8
Q

Describe eukaryotes

A
  • found in animals, plants, protists, fungi
  • have a nucleus bound by an envelope
  • have membrane bound organelles
  • large cells
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9
Q

Describe prokaryotes

A
  • bacteria
  • No nucleus
  • have a nucleoid
  • No membrane bound organelles.
  • Small cells
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10
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

an unbound region where their DNA is found

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11
Q

Define organelles

A

cell structures with specialized functions

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12
Q

Describe the cell membrane

A

organelle that regulates what comes in and out of the cell, provides protection, and support.

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13
Q

What makes up the structure of the cell membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

Is the phospholipid bilayer head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

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15
Q

Is the phospholipid bilayer tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

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16
Q

Where is the cell wall?

A

surrounds cell membrane

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17
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

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18
Q

What is the cell wall’s purpose?

A

adds extra support

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19
Q

Where is the nucleus located?

A

the center of the cell

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20
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA

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21
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by what?

A

nuclear envelope

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22
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope

A

made of a lipid bilayer. has pores

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23
Q

Describe the nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus. Makes ribosomal RNA that form ribosomes.

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24
Q

Where is the cytoplasm?

A

in between cell membrane and nucleus

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25
Q

The cytoplasm is made of a ______ ______ and a liquid called _______.

A

fiber matrix; cytosol

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26
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

holds organelles in place

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27
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

release energy stored in glucose in the form of ATP through cell respiration

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28
Q

Describe the layout of the mitochondria

A

Double membrane (inner and outer)

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29
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called ______

A

cristae

30
Q

The cristae form the _____________ ______ and the ______ _________ ______

A

mitochondrial matrix; inner membrane space.

31
Q

What do plastids do?

A

store materials in plants

32
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

make glucose from sunlight through photosynthesis

33
Q

Chloroplasts contain the pigment __________ that makes plants green

A

chlorophyll

34
Q

Describe the thylakoid

A

discs containing chlorophyll stacked in granum

35
Q

Stroma

A

fluid in the space outside the granum

36
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

make proteins

37
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?

A

makes and transports materials through the cell in vesicles

38
Q

Describe the smooth ER

A
  • makes and transports lipids and carbohydrates
  • detoxes the cell
  • stores ions for later use
39
Q

Describe the rough ER

A

contains, ribosomes to make and transport proteins (gives it its rough look)

40
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do?

A

Labels, packages, sorts and sends molecules from the ER out of cells in vesicles.

41
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

membrane sacs filled with enzymes that break down materials (food or old organelles)

42
Q

Lysosomes will merge with ____ _________ to break down food or carry out phagocytosis

A

food vacuoles

43
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

When the lysosomes engulf an old organelle to digest and recycle it.

44
Q

Describe peroxisomes

A

they are like mini lysosmes that contain an enzyme called catalase that converts peroxide in to water and oxygen.

45
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

store materials in the cell

46
Q

Plants have what type of vacuole?

A

large central vacuole

47
Q

Animals have what type of vacuole?

A

small scattered vacuoles

48
Q

Describe the endomembrane system

A 
All connected by membrane or vesicles: 
Nuclear envelope
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
49
Q

Describe microtubules compared to the other cytoskeleton fibers’ size

A

thickest

50
Q

What do the microtubules do?

A

help separate cells during cell division, make up flagellum, and guide moving vesicles like a train track

51
Q

Describe intermediate filaments compared to the other cytoskeleton fibers’ size

A

middle size

52
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

anchor organelles and maintain cell shape

53
Q

Microfilaments are also called _____ __________

A

actin filaments

54
Q

Describe microfilaments compared to the other cytoskeleton fibers’ size

A

thinnest

55
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

help with muscle contraction

56
Q

In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments are arranged how?

A

parallel to one another

57
Q

What are the types of cell junctions

A

Plasmodesmata
Gap Junctions
Desmosomes
Tight Junctions

58
Q

Describe plasmodesmata

A

pores in the cell walls between plant cells

59
Q

Descrive gap junctions

A

pores in the membranes between animal cells

60
Q

Describe desmosomes

A

anchors that hold cells together

61
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

tightly pressed cells to seal fluid out

62
Q

What are cilia?

A

tiny hairs on the outside of cells that assist with movement

63
Q

What are flagella?

A

large whip-like tail that assists with movement

64
Q

What do centrosomes do?

A

assemble long microtubules out of proteins

65
Q

What is the ER membrane made out of?

A

phospholipid bilayer

66
Q

How does the Smooth ER detoxify toxins?

A

by adding a carboxyl group to toxins which makes the them soluble in water

67
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

floating freely throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the nuclear envelope

68
Q

How to ribosomes make proteins?

A

they assemble amino acids into polypeptides

69
Q

How do ribosomes, the ER, and Golgi apparatus all interact?

A

as the ribosome builds an amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When this protein chain is complete, the ER pinches it off and sends it to the Golgi apparatus

70
Q

What do the Golgi bodies do?

A
  • cut up large proteins into smaller hormones

- combine proteins with carbohydrates to make various molecules

71
Q

What is chromatin?

A

weblike substance that gathers into rob-shaped chromosomes for cell division

AP Biology (38 decks)

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