Structures of the Cell

Question 1

List the components of cell theory

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 2

Describe the range of cell size

Answer 2

Microscopic to the size of an ostrich egg yolk

Question 3

How does a light microscope work?

Answer 3

visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses, which magnify the image

Question 4

How do scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) work?

Answer 4

they focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

Question 5

How do transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) work?

Answer 5

they focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

Question 6

What is TEM mainly used to study?

Answer 6

the internal structure of cells

Question 7

What does cell fractionation do?

Answer 7

takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

Question 8

Describe eukaryotes

Answer 8

• found in animals, plants, protists, fungi
• have a nucleus bound by an envelope
• have membrane bound organelles
• large cells

Question 9

Describe prokaryotes

Answer 9

• bacteria
• No nucleus
• have a nucleoid
• No membrane bound organelles.
• Small cells

Question 10

What is a nucleoid?

Answer 10

an unbound region where their DNA is found

Question 11

Define organelles

Answer 11

cell structures with specialized functions

Question 12

Describe the cell membrane

Answer 12

organelle that regulates what comes in and out of the cell, provides protection, and support.

Question 13

What makes up the structure of the cell membrane?

Answer 13

phospholipid bilayer

Question 14

Is the phospholipid bilayer head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 14

hydrophilic

Question 15

Is the phospholipid bilayer tail hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 15

hydrophobic

Question 16

Where is the cell wall?

Answer 16

surrounds cell membrane

Question 17

What is the cell wall made of?

Answer 17

cellulose

Question 18

What is the cell wall’s purpose?

Answer 18

adds extra support

Question 19

Where is the nucleus located?

Answer 19

the center of the cell

Question 20

What does the nucleus contain?

Answer 20

DNA

Question 21

The nucleus is enclosed by what?

Answer 21

nuclear envelope

Question 22

Describe the nuclear envelope

Answer 22

made of a lipid bilayer. has pores

Question 23

Describe the nucleolus

Answer 23

inside the nucleus. Makes ribosomal RNA that form ribosomes.

Question 24

Where is the cytoplasm?

Answer 24

in between cell membrane and nucleus

Question 25

The cytoplasm is made of a ______ ______ and a liquid called _______.

Answer 25

fiber matrix; cytosol

Question 26

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 26

holds organelles in place

Question 27

What does the mitochondria do?

Answer 27

release energy stored in glucose in the form of ATP through cell respiration

Question 28

Describe the layout of the mitochondria

Answer 28

Double membrane (inner and outer)

Question 29

The inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called ______

Answer 29

cristae

Question 30

The cristae form the _____________ ______ and the ______ _________ ______

Answer 30

mitochondrial matrix; inner membrane space.

Question 31

What do plastids do?

Answer 31

store materials in plants

Question 32

What do chloroplasts do?

Answer 32

make glucose from sunlight through photosynthesis

Question 33

Chloroplasts contain the pigment __________ that makes plants green

Answer 33

chlorophyll

Question 34

Describe the thylakoid

Answer 34

discs containing chlorophyll stacked in granum

Question 35

Stroma

Answer 35

fluid in the space outside the granum

Question 36

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 36

make proteins

Question 37

What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?

Answer 37

makes and transports materials through the cell in vesicles

Question 38

Describe the smooth ER

Answer 38

- makes and transports lipids and carbohydrates - detoxes the cell - stores ions for later use

Question 39

Describe the rough ER

Answer 39

contains, ribosomes to make and transport proteins (gives it its rough look)

Question 40

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Answer 40

Labels, packages, sorts and sends molecules from the ER out of cells in vesicles.

Question 41

Describe lysosomes

Answer 41

membrane sacs filled with enzymes that break down materials (food or old organelles)

Question 42

Lysosomes will merge with ____ _________ to break down food or carry out phagocytosis

Answer 42

food vacuoles

Question 43

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 43

When the lysosomes engulf an old organelle to digest and recycle it.

Question 44

Describe peroxisomes

Answer 44

they are like mini lysosmes that contain an enzyme called catalase that converts peroxide in to water and oxygen.

Question 45

What does the vacuole do?

Answer 45

store materials in the cell

Question 46

Plants have what type of vacuole?

Answer 46

large central vacuole

Question 47

Animals have what type of vacuole?

Answer 47

small scattered vacuoles

Question 48

Describe the endomembrane system

Answer 48

``` All connected by membrane or vesicles: Nuclear envelope Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Lysosomes Vacuoles ```

Question 49

Describe microtubules compared to the other cytoskeleton fibers' size

Answer 49

thickest

Question 50

What do the microtubules do?

Answer 50

help separate cells during cell division, make up flagellum, and guide moving vesicles like a train track

Question 51

Describe intermediate filaments compared to the other cytoskeleton fibers' size

Answer 51

middle size

Question 52

What do intermediate filaments do?

Answer 52

anchor organelles and maintain cell shape

Question 53

Microfilaments are also called _____ __________

Answer 53

actin filaments

Question 54

Describe microfilaments compared to the other cytoskeleton fibers' size

Answer 54

thinnest

Question 55

What do microfilaments do?

Answer 55

help with muscle contraction

Question 56

In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments are arranged how?

Answer 56

parallel to one another

Question 57

What are the types of cell junctions

Answer 57

Plasmodesmata Gap Junctions Desmosomes Tight Junctions

Question 58

Describe plasmodesmata

Answer 58

pores in the cell walls between plant cells

Question 59

Descrive gap junctions

Answer 59

pores in the membranes between animal cells

Question 60

Describe desmosomes

Answer 60

anchors that hold cells together

Question 61

Describe tight junctions

Answer 61

tightly pressed cells to seal fluid out

Question 62

What are cilia?

Answer 62

tiny hairs on the outside of cells that assist with movement

Question 63

What are flagella?

Answer 63

large whip-like tail that assists with movement

Question 64

What do centrosomes do?

Answer 64

assemble long microtubules out of proteins

Question 65

What is the ER membrane made out of?

Answer 65

phospholipid bilayer

Question 66

How does the Smooth ER detoxify toxins?

Answer 66

by adding a carboxyl group to toxins which makes the them soluble in water

Question 67

Where are ribosomes found?

Answer 67

floating freely throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the nuclear envelope

Question 68

How to ribosomes make proteins?

Answer 68

they assemble amino acids into polypeptides

Question 69

How do ribosomes, the ER, and Golgi apparatus all interact?

Answer 69

as the ribosome builds an amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When this protein chain is complete, the ER pinches it off and sends it to the Golgi apparatus

Question 70

What do the Golgi bodies do?

Answer 70

- cut up large proteins into smaller hormones | - combine proteins with carbohydrates to make various molecules

Question 71

What is chromatin?

Answer 71

weblike substance that gathers into rob-shaped chromosomes for cell division