Immune System

Question 1

Define innate immunity

Answer 1

pre-programmed defense responses

Question 2

List the barrier defenses

Answer 2

• Skin and mucus

- Oil, sweat (low skin pH)

Question 3

List the types of internal Defense

Answer 3

macrophages, interferons, inflammatory response, mast cells, natural killer cells

Question 4

What do macrophages do?

Answer 4

engulf pathogens

Question 5

What are interferons?

Answer 5

proteins secreted by infected cells that signal neighboring cells to defend themselves.

Question 6

Describe inflammatory response

Answer 6

pain and swelling that occur upon injury or infection

Question 7

Mast cells hold ________.

Answer 7

histamines

Question 8

What do histamines do?

Answer 8

cause blood vessels to dilate, bringing extra blood which causes swelling in the tissues

Question 9

Swelling in the tissues attracts what to do what?

Answer 9

phagocytes to come and help deal with the infection

Question 10

What do natural killer cells do?

Answer 10

destroy infected or cancerous cells

Question 11

Define acquired immunity

Answer 11

a defense response that is enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen

Question 12

White blood cells are also called what?

Answer 12

Lymphocytes

Question 13

B – cells mature where?

Answer 13

bone marrow

Question 14

T- cells mature where?

Answer 14

thymus

Question 15

White blood cells fight _______, but each has a specific ___.

Answer 15

infection; job

Question 16

List the factors of recognition

Answer 16

antigen, antigen receptors, antibody / immunoglobulin, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 17

Describe antigen

Answer 17

a foreign molecule that is recognized and gets a response from lymphocytes

Question 18

Antigen receptors are found on _________.

Answer 18

lymphocytes

Question 19

Antigen receptors recognize the __________ of antigens.

Answer 19

epitopes

Question 20

What is antibody / immunoglobulin (Ig)?

Answer 20

a soluble form of the antigen receptor that can be secreted by the B-cell

Question 21

What is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 21

an infected cell protein that displays a fragment of the antigen for white blood cells to recognize.

Question 22

Describe MHC Class 1

Answer 22

found in most cells, and calls cytotoxic T-cells that use toxins to kill the infected cell

Question 23

Describe MHC Class 2

Answer 23

found in dendritic cells and macrophages, which are called antigen presenting cells. They use Class II MHC’s to call helper T- cells that assist other lymphocytes.

Question 24

Describe clonal section

Answer 24

cloning of lymphocytes in response to a binding an antigen

Question 25

When exposed to an antigen a B or T cell will divide rapidly making _______ cells to attack and _______ ____to store incase of future invasion.

Answer 25

effector; memory cells

Question 26

The clonal selection is the _________ _______ ___________.

Answer 26

primary immune response

Question 27

The Primary Immune Response peaks when?

Answer 27

about 10 to 17 days after infection

Question 28

Describe Secondary Immunne Response

Answer 28

upon another exposure to the same antigen, the reserved memory cells are called upon in greater numbers

Question 29

Secondary Immune Response peaks when?

Answer 29

response peaks 2-7 days after exposure and last longer

Question 30

What do B cells do?

Answer 30

secrete antibodies to bind to antigens in the blood or lymph

Question 31

What do Cytotoxic T-cells do?

Answer 31

secrete proteins that kill infected cells

Question 32

Cytotoxic T-cells must be signaled by helper ______ and/ or ___ _______.

Answer 32

T- cells; MHC molecules

Question 33

What are Helper T cells activated by?

Answer 33

antigen presenting cells (class II MHC)

Question 34

What do Helper T cells do?

Answer 34

release cytokines

Question 35

What do cytokines do?

Answer 35

call upon B and T cells to act

Question 36

Describe humoral response

Answer 36

clonal selection of B cells. Usually fights pathogens not in cells yet

Question 37

What is the main purpose of humoral response?

Answer 37

the antibodies secreted can neutralize pathogens or make them targets for phagocytes

Question 38

Describe cell mediated response

Answer 38

cytotoxic T-cells destroy infected cells

Question 39

Helper T-Cells can call for what cells to act?

Answer 39

B-Cell and T-Cell

Question 40

Active immunity is _________ response.

Answer 40

secondary

Question 41

Describe passive immunity

Answer 41

antibodies passive from mother to fetus can cause a secondary like response the first time a fetus is exposed to infection

Question 42

What passes down passive immunity?

Answer 42

Passed across the placenta(IgG) and breast milk (igA)

Question 43

Describe vaccination

Answer 43

introducing an antigen into the body to elicit clonal selection

Question 44

Describe allergies

Answer 44

exaggerated responses to antigens. Can trigger mast cell to elicit a an inflammatory response

Question 45

Sometimes the immune system turns against certain molecules naturally in the body. This is known as what?

Answer 45

Autoimmune disease

Question 46

Lupus is against what?

Answer 46

DNA histones in breaking down cells

Question 47

Rheumatoid Arthritis is against what?

Answer 47

cartilage