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AP Biology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define innate immunity

A

pre-programmed defense responses

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2
Q

List the barrier defenses

A
  • Skin and mucus

- Oil, sweat (low skin pH)

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3
Q

List the types of internal Defense

A

macrophages, interferons, inflammatory response, mast cells, natural killer cells

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4
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

engulf pathogens

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5
Q

What are interferons?

A

proteins secreted by infected cells that signal neighboring cells to defend themselves.

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6
Q

Describe inflammatory response

A

pain and swelling that occur upon injury or infection

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7
Q

Mast cells hold ________.

A

histamines

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8
Q

What do histamines do?

A

cause blood vessels to dilate, bringing extra blood which causes swelling in the tissues

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9
Q

Swelling in the tissues attracts what to do what?

A

phagocytes to come and help deal with the infection

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10
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

destroy infected or cancerous cells

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11
Q

Define acquired immunity

A

a defense response that is enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen

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12
Q

White blood cells are also called what?

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

B – cells mature where?

A

bone marrow

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14
Q

T- cells mature where?

A

thymus

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15
Q

White blood cells fight _______, but each has a specific ___.

A

infection; job

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16
Q

List the factors of recognition

A

antigen, antigen receptors, antibody / immunoglobulin, Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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17
Q

Describe antigen

A

a foreign molecule that is recognized and gets a response from lymphocytes

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18
Q

Antigen receptors are found on _________.

A

lymphocytes

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19
Q

Antigen receptors recognize the __________ of antigens.

A

epitopes

20
Q

What is antibody / immunoglobulin (Ig)?

A

a soluble form of the antigen receptor that can be secreted by the B-cell

21
Q

What is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

an infected cell protein that displays a fragment of the antigen for white blood cells to recognize.

22
Q

Describe MHC Class 1

A

found in most cells, and calls cytotoxic T-cells that use toxins to kill the infected cell

23
Q

Describe MHC Class 2

A

found in dendritic cells and macrophages, which are called antigen presenting cells. They use Class II MHC’s to call helper T- cells that assist other lymphocytes.

24
Q

Describe clonal section

A

cloning of lymphocytes in response to a binding an antigen

25
Q

When exposed to an antigen a B or T cell will divide rapidly making _______ cells to attack and _______ ____to store incase of future invasion.

A

effector; memory cells

26
Q

The clonal selection is the _________ _______ ___________.

A

primary immune response

27
Q

The Primary Immune Response peaks when?

A

about 10 to 17 days after infection

28
Q

Describe Secondary Immunne Response

A

upon another exposure to the same antigen, the reserved memory cells are called upon in greater numbers

29
Q

Secondary Immune Response peaks when?

A

response peaks 2-7 days after exposure and last longer

30
Q

What do B cells do?

A

secrete antibodies to bind to antigens in the blood or lymph

31
Q

What do Cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

secrete proteins that kill infected cells

32
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells must be signaled by helper ______ and/ or ___ _______.

A

T- cells; MHC molecules

33
Q

What are Helper T cells activated by?

A

antigen presenting cells (class II MHC)

34
Q

What do Helper T cells do?

A

release cytokines

35
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

call upon B and T cells to act

36
Q

Describe humoral response

A

clonal selection of B cells. Usually fights pathogens not in cells yet

37
Q

What is the main purpose of humoral response?

A

the antibodies secreted can neutralize pathogens or make them targets for phagocytes

38
Q

Describe cell mediated response

A

cytotoxic T-cells destroy infected cells

39
Q

Helper T-Cells can call for what cells to act?

A

B-Cell and T-Cell

40
Q

Active immunity is _________ response.

A

secondary

41
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

antibodies passive from mother to fetus can cause a secondary like response the first time a fetus is exposed to infection

42
Q

What passes down passive immunity?

A

Passed across the placenta(IgG) and breast milk (igA)

43
Q

Describe vaccination

A

introducing an antigen into the body to elicit clonal selection

44
Q

Describe allergies

A

exaggerated responses to antigens. Can trigger mast cell to elicit a an inflammatory response

45
Q

Sometimes the immune system turns against certain molecules naturally in the body. This is known as what?

A

Autoimmune disease

46
Q

Lupus is against what?

A

DNA histones in breaking down cells

47
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis is against what?

A

cartilage

AP Biology (38 decks)

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