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AP Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 cases of evidence for evolution

A
  1. Fossils
  2. Embryological Development
  3. Homologous structures
  4. Vestigal organs
  5. DNA
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2
Q

Define homologous structures

A

structures that are similar, but modified for different functions (whale fin, bat wing)

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3
Q

Define analogous structures

A

structures that have similar function, but different ancestry (wings: fly vs bird)

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4
Q

What is the book Charles Darwin wrote to propose natural selection called?

A

Origin of Species

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5
Q

What does the first postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

organisms in a population vary in traits

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6
Q

What does the second postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

traits can be passed on to offspring

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7
Q

What does the third postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

more offspring are born than the environment can support.

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8
Q

What does the fourth postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

offspring with traits that are helpful for survival and/or reproduction live and mate

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9
Q

Change in populations (heritable) traits over time is called what?

A

natural selection

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10
Q

What is a factor that makes a trait favorable

A

selective pressure

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11
Q

How equipped an organism is for survival and reproduction is called?

A

fitness level

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12
Q

Define adaptation

A

inherited traits that increase organisms’ chances of survival

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13
Q

What are the types of adaptation?

A

behavioral, structural, physiological, ornamental, coloration

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14
Q

Describe structural adaptations

A

physical structures that increase an organism’s fitness level

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15
Q

Describe coloration

A

camouflage or mimicry

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16
Q

Describe ornamental adaptations

A

structures that attract mates

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17
Q

Describe physiological adaptations

A

changes in the body to increase fitness level (ex. immunity)

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18
Q

Variations of a gene are know as _____.

A

alleles

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19
Q

All of the alleles in a population are known as ____ ____.

A

gene pool

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20
Q

The percentage of an allele in the gene pool is know as _______ ________.

A

allelic frequency

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21
Q

When allele frequencies do not change is known as _______ __________.

A

genetic equilibrium

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22
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

when selection favors an average variation

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23
Q

What is directional selection?

A

selection favors one extreme variation

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24
Q

What is frequency dependant selection?

A

The fitness level of a given trait varies depending on how many organisms in the population have that trait

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25
What is sexual selection?
traits allow organisms to attract mates
26
Sexual selection leads to ______ _________.
sexual dimorphism
27
Define sexual dimorphism
differences between the sexes (size, color, etc)
28
Define Intrasexual Selection
Members of the same sex compete for mate
29
Intersexual Selection
Member of one sex choose mates, usually based on particular traits, ornaments or behaviors
30
What is genetic drift?
chance events that change allele frequencies
31
What are the two types of genetic drift?
bottle neck effect and founder effect
32
Describe the bottle neck effect
a sudden random event in the environment can cause the population size to drop
33
Describe the founder effect
a small portion of the populations is isolated and starts a new gene pool
34
Random changes in DNA can change allele frequencies. The term for this is _______.
mutations
35
Define speicies
organisms capable of interbreeding and producing healthy, fertile offspring
36
What is speciation?
the evolution of a new species
37
Speciation due to geographic isolation is called
Allopatric Speciation
38
Speciation despite living in the same geographic area is called
Sympatric Speciation
39
What is geographic isolation?
when a physical barrier divides a population, creating a new species.
40
What is reduced hybrid fertility
Two species can mate, but offspring are sterile
41
Behaviors such as different courtship rituals prevent two species from mating. This is known as what?
behavioral isolation
42
Morphological differences prevent species from reproducing. This is know as what?
mechanical isolation
43
The time line of breeding prevents species from mating. They mate during different times of day or seasons. This is know as what?
temporal isolation
44
Incompatible gametes prevent two species from mating. This is know as what?
gametic isolation
45
What is reduced hybrid viability
Two species can mate, but offspring are not healthy and die.
46
What is hybrid breakdown?
Two species can mate, but when the Hybrids have offspring, the offspring are either sterile or unhealthy ( no grandkids)
47
When change happens over time, this is called
gradualism
48
What evolution happens in quick bursts with long periods of no evolution in between, this is called
punctuated equilibrium
49
Species with a common ancestor become increasingly different. The term for this is called
Divergent evolution
50
Divergent evolution is also known as what?
adaptive radiation
51
Divergent evolution deals with _________ structures.
homologous
52
Unrelated species become similar. The term for this is called
Convergent evolution
53
Convergent evolution deals with ________ structures.
analogous
54
Species evolve in response to each other. This is known as
Co-evolution
55
o get the population to change the ____ ____ must change.
gene pool
56
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?
Equation that shows the frequency of each genotype we would expect to see based on the allele frequencies in the population.
57
If the genotype frequencies in the actual population match the proportions in the equation, then this means what?
the population is in Equilibrium and not evolving
58
For a population to stay in equilibrium, five things must be true.
1. No Mutations 2. Random Mating (no sexual selection) 3. No Natural Selection 4. No Gene flow 5. Very Large Population (no Genetic Drift)
59
Define allele frequency
the proportion of each allele found in the gene pool
60
Define gene pool
all of the alleles in a population

AP Biology (38 decks)

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