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AP Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 5 cases of evidence for evolution

A
  1. Fossils
  2. Embryological Development
  3. Homologous structures
  4. Vestigal organs
  5. DNA
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2
Q

Define homologous structures

A

structures that are similar, but modified for different functions (whale fin, bat wing)

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3
Q

Define analogous structures

A

structures that have similar function, but different ancestry (wings: fly vs bird)

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4
Q

What is the book Charles Darwin wrote to propose natural selection called?

A

Origin of Species

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5
Q

What does the first postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

organisms in a population vary in traits

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6
Q

What does the second postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

traits can be passed on to offspring

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7
Q

What does the third postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

more offspring are born than the environment can support.

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8
Q

What does the fourth postulate in the Origin of Species state?

A

offspring with traits that are helpful for survival and/or reproduction live and mate

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9
Q

Change in populations (heritable) traits over time is called what?

A

natural selection

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10
Q

What is a factor that makes a trait favorable

A

selective pressure

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11
Q

How equipped an organism is for survival and reproduction is called?

A

fitness level

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12
Q

Define adaptation

A

inherited traits that increase organisms’ chances of survival

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13
Q

What are the types of adaptation?

A

behavioral, structural, physiological, ornamental, coloration

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14
Q

Describe structural adaptations

A

physical structures that increase an organism’s fitness level

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15
Q

Describe coloration

A

camouflage or mimicry

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16
Q

Describe ornamental adaptations

A

structures that attract mates

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17
Q

Describe physiological adaptations

A

changes in the body to increase fitness level (ex. immunity)

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18
Q

Variations of a gene are know as _____.

A

alleles

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19
Q

All of the alleles in a population are known as ____ ____.

A

gene pool

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20
Q

The percentage of an allele in the gene pool is know as _______ ________.

A

allelic frequency

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21
Q

When allele frequencies do not change is known as _______ __________.

A

genetic equilibrium

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22
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

when selection favors an average variation

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23
Q

What is directional selection?

A

selection favors one extreme variation

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24
Q

What is frequency dependant selection?

A

The fitness level of a given trait varies depending on how many organisms in the population have that trait

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25
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

traits allow organisms to attract mates

26
Q

Sexual selection leads to ______ _________.

A

sexual dimorphism

27
Q

Define sexual dimorphism

A

differences between the sexes (size, color, etc)

28
Q

Define Intrasexual Selection

A

Members of the same sex compete for mate

29
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Member of one sex choose mates, usually based on particular traits, ornaments or behaviors

30
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

chance events that change allele frequencies

31
Q

What are the two types of genetic drift?

A

bottle neck effect and founder effect

32
Q

Describe the bottle neck effect

A

a sudden random event in the environment can cause the population size to drop

33
Q

Describe the founder effect

A

a small portion of the populations is isolated and starts a new gene pool

34
Q

Random changes in DNA can change allele frequencies. The term for this is _______.

A

mutations

35
Q

Define speicies

A

organisms capable of interbreeding and producing healthy, fertile offspring

36
Q

What is speciation?

A

the evolution of a new species

37
Q

Speciation due to geographic isolation is called

A

Allopatric Speciation

38
Q

Speciation despite living in the same geographic area is called

A

Sympatric Speciation

39
Q

What is geographic isolation?

A

when a physical barrier divides a population, creating a new species.

40
Q

What is reduced hybrid fertility

A

Two species can mate, but offspring are sterile

41
Q

Behaviors such as different courtship rituals prevent two species from mating. This is known as what?

A

behavioral isolation

42
Q

Morphological differences prevent species from reproducing. This is know as what?

A

mechanical isolation

43
Q

The time line of breeding prevents species from mating. They mate during different times of day or seasons. This is know as what?

A

temporal isolation

44
Q

Incompatible gametes prevent two species from mating. This is know as what?

A

gametic isolation

45
Q

What is reduced hybrid viability

A

Two species can mate, but offspring are not healthy and die.

46
Q

What is hybrid breakdown?

A

Two species can mate, but when the Hybrids have offspring, the offspring are either sterile or unhealthy ( no grandkids)

47
Q

When change happens over time, this is called

A

gradualism

48
Q

What evolution happens in quick bursts with long periods of no evolution in between, this is called

A

punctuated equilibrium

49
Q

Species with a common ancestor become increasingly different. The term for this is called

A

Divergent evolution

50
Q

Divergent evolution is also known as what?

A

adaptive radiation

51
Q

Divergent evolution deals with _________ structures.

A

homologous

52
Q

Unrelated species become similar. The term for this is called

A

Convergent evolution

53
Q

Convergent evolution deals with ________ structures.

A

analogous

54
Q

Species evolve in response to each other. This is known as

A

Co-evolution

55
Q

o get the population to change the ____ ____ must change.

A

gene pool

56
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

A

Equation that shows the frequency of each genotype we would expect to see based on the allele frequencies in the population.

57
Q

If the genotype frequencies in the actual population match the proportions in the equation, then this means what?

A

the population is in Equilibrium and not evolving

58
Q

For a population to stay in equilibrium, five things must be true.

A
  1. No Mutations
  2. Random Mating (no sexual selection)
  3. No Natural Selection
  4. No Gene flow
  5. Very Large Population (no Genetic Drift)
59
Q

Define allele frequency

A

the proportion of each allele found in the gene pool

60
Q

Define gene pool

A

all of the alleles in a population

AP Biology (38 decks)

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