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AP Biology > DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Gene Terms > Flashcards

DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Gene Terms Flashcards

1
Q

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

A

helicases

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2
Q

goes ahead of replication forks, cuts, unwinds, and rejoins DNA strands

A

topoisomerase

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3
Q

holds the DNA strand straight so it can be used as a template

A

single-strand binding protein

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4
Q

a short strand of RNA that is laid down at the origin of replication

A

primer

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5
Q

enzyme that lays down the primer

A

primase

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6
Q

adds DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primer

A

DNA Polymerase III

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7
Q

a series of primers and new DNA segments

A

Okazaki fragments

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8
Q

removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

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9
Q

connects the new DNA nucleotides

A

DNA ligase

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10
Q

cutting out damaged DNA and replacing it with new DNA

A

nucleotide excision repair

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11
Q

an enzyme that cuts out damaged DNA

A

nuclease

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12
Q

repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of DNA that do not contain genes

A

telomeres

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13
Q

an enzyme that lengthens telomeres in gamete DNA

A

telomerase

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14
Q

DNA wrapped around bead like proteins

A

histones

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15
Q

DNA and histones together

A

chromatin

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16
Q

RNA’s base pairs read in sets of 3

A

codons

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17
Q

the beginning of the DNA sequence to be copied

A

promoter

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18
Q

enzyme that attaches to the promoter

A

RNA polymerase II

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19
Q

the promoter begins with a sequence of DNA that includes the base pairs T and A

A

TATA Box

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20
Q

proteins that allow the RNA Polymerase II to bind to the promoter.

A

transcription factors

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21
Q

the promoter, RNA Polymerase II, and Transcription factors all combined and ready to start transcription

A

transcription initiation complex

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22
Q

an enzyme that unwinds DNA and lays down RNA nucleotides

A

RNA Polymerase

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23
Q

causes the mRNA to be cut free from the DNA

A

termination code

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24
Q

a modified guanine nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups

A

5’ cap

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25
Q

several adenine nucleotides in a row (50+)

A

poly-A tail

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26
Q

sections that are cut out of the pre-mRNA

27
Q

sections that are left in the finalized mRNA

28
Q

carry out RNA splicing

A

spliceosomes

29
Q

make up splicesomes and recognize the splice sites

A

ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

30
Q

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

31
Q

choosing different regions of introns or exons from the same pre-mRNA sequence

A

alternative RNA splicing

32
Q

the enzyme that enzyme that attaches amino acids to tRNA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

33
Q

holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

34
Q

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

35
Q

the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

36
Q

several ribosomes translate a single mRNA simultaneously, allowing a cell to make many copies of a protein very quickly

A

polyribosome (or polysome)

37
Q

a short peptide added to the finished protein

A

signal peptide

38
Q

attaches to the signal peptide that that it may enter the ER

A

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

39
Q

a single base pair is affected

A

point mutation

40
Q

extra base pair

41
Q

base pair is removed

42
Q

part of the DNA is duplicated

A

duplication

43
Q

part of the DNA is reversed

44
Q

part of the DNA is moved to a different spot

A

translocations

45
Q

the wrong amino acid is added

46
Q

a stop codon is produced early causing the amino acid chain to end early

47
Q

the wrong codon is produced but the correct amino acid is sill added (thus no change)

A

silent mutation

48
Q

more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. (makes silent mutations possible)

49
Q

a control site within the promoter that can be blocked to stop transcription (turns the gene off)

50
Q

a protein that slides into the operator to block transcription (the RNA polymerase cannot attach and pass)

51
Q

promoter + operator + genes they control

52
Q

a molecule that combines with the repressor to change the repressor into its active form. (thus turning the gene off)

A

co-repressor

53
Q

gene is off until turned on

A

negative regulation

54
Q

molecule that bonds with the repressor to make it inactive (turns the gene on)

55
Q

even though the repressor is inactive and the gene is on, protein production must be stimulated

A

positive regulation

56
Q

stimulates the production of a protein in a gene that is on (calls for RNA polymerase to attach)

57
Q

sites that call for specific activators to stimulate the production of certain proteins

58
Q

acetyl groups are added to histone tails

A

Histone Acetylation

59
Q

a methyl group is added toa base

A

DNA methylation

60
Q

degrade old protein

A

Proteasomes

61
Q

molecules added to proteins needed to be broken down

62
Q

Double stranded degrades or blocks translation of mRNA

63
Q

Single stranded but functions similarly to siRNA (may help fight viruses)

64
Q

Technique used to get a visual of DNA

A

X-ray crystallography

AP Biology (38 decks)

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