Flowers, Seeds, and Tech

Question 1

Difference between complete and incomplete flowers

Answer 1

Complete flowers have all “organs”. Incomplete flowers do not

Question 2

Whether not flowers are complete or incomplete depends on what?

Answer 2

what pollinators they are trying to attract

Question 3

Pollen is located where?

Answer 3

in anthers

Question 4

Microsporocytes undergo _______ to make _ ___________.

Answer 4

meiosis; 4 microspores

Question 5

Microspores become a _______ _____.

Answer 5

pollen grain

Question 6

Describe a pollen grain

Answer 6

gametophyte with a spore wall, generative cell (divides into 2 sperm), and tube cell

Question 7

What is a tube grain

Answer 7

What the tube cell of a pollen grain grows into

Question 8

Embryo sacs are found where?

Answer 8

ovules

Question 9

Megasporocytes undergo ______ to form _ ____________.

Answer 9

meiosis; 4 megaspores

Question 10

Describe the embryo sac

Answer 10

gametophyte with an integument (tough outer layer), egg cell, and two polar nuclei in a central cell

Question 11

First step of pollination

Answer 11

Transfer of pollen to the stigma

Question 12

When pollen reaches the stigma, what happens?

Answer 12

Pollen germinates and extends a pollen tube

Question 13

What does the pollen tube do after extending?

Answer 13

sends two sperm to the embryo sac (double fertilization)

Question 14

In pollination, one sperm fertilizes the egg forming a _____.

Answer 14

zygote

Question 15

Describe the endosperm

Answer 15

when the other sperm fertilizes the polar cell and it becomes triploid nutritive tissue

Question 16

What are the 4 pollination strategies?

Answer 16

colors of flowers, scents, nectar, mimicry

Question 17

Ways flowers are colored to attract pollinators?

Answer 17

bright, white (night moths), UV

Question 18

Way flowers are scented to attract pollinators?

Answer 18

sweet (bees), stinky (flies)

Question 19

Pollinators flowers attract with nectar?

Answer 19

bats, birds, and the bees

Question 20

Ways flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators?

Answer 20

fake mates (wasps)

Question 21

________ plants have either male or female flowers to prevent self pollination.

Answer 21

Dioecious

Question 22

________ flowers only contain stamen to prevent self pollination.

Answer 22

Staminate

Question 23

_______ flowers only contain carpels to prevent self pollination.

Answer 23

Carpellate

Question 24

What does it mean when plants stagger their organs?

Answer 24

their stamen and styles are at different heights to prevent self pollination

Question 25

______ flowers have long stamens and short styles.

Answer 25

Thrums

Question 26

___ flowers have short stamens and long styles.

Answer 26

Pin

Question 27

Most plants reject their own pollen. This is called what?

Answer 27

Self incompatibility

Question 28

______ become fruit to protect and disperse seeds.

Answer 28

Ovaries

Question 29

What is the pericarp?

Answer 29

When the ovary wall becomes the thickened wall of the fruit called

Question 30

Sometimes after the pericarp is formed, what happens to the plant?

Answer 30

other organs fall off

Question 31

Describe simple fruit with example

Answer 31

from one carpel or carpels fused into one (pea pod)

Question 32

Describe aggregate fruit with examples

Answer 32

from multiple carpels on one flower (strawberry, blackberry)

Question 33

Describe multiple fruit with examples

Answer 33

carpels from many flowers come together (pineapple, figs)

Question 34

Describe accessory fruit with example

Answer 34

made from tissues besides the ovary usually the fleshy tissue in the ovary called the receptacle. (apple)

Question 35

Fruits ripen when?

Answer 35

when seeds are fully developed

Question 36

Define integument?

Answer 36

a tough outer protective layer

Question 37

Covering from integument (name this part in seed development)

Answer 37

seed coating

Question 38

Seed leafs, used for nutrient (name this part in seed development)

Answer 38

Cotyledon

Question 39

Just below the cotyledons (name this part in seed development)

Answer 39

Epicotyl

Question 40

What does epicotyl hold?

Answer 40

holds mini leafs and apical meristem

Question 41

What is the radicle

Answer 41

embryonic root

Question 42

The hypocotyl is located where

Answer 42

just below the epicotyl attached to the radicle

Question 43

Name 4 methods of seed dispersal

Answer 43

- Eaten by animals & passed thru digestive tract - Carried by wind - Float in water - Some have hooks to catch fur or feathers

Question 44

What is the first step of germination?

Answer 44

Imbibition

Question 45

Describe imbibition

Answer 45

uptake of water by seed

Question 46

______ breaks through first in germination.

Answer 46

Radicle

Question 47

After the radicle breaks through, what happens in germination?

Answer 47

The hypocotyle then straightens out raising the cotyledons and epicotyl

Question 48

After the cotyledons and epicotyl are straightened out, what happens in germination?

Answer 48

The epicotyl spreads the mini leaves

Question 49

When plants grow through fragmentation, what grows a where the plant is clipped

Answer 49

a callus

Question 50

Define callus

Answer 50

group of undifferentiated dividing cells

Question 51

Asexual seed production is called what?

Answer 51

Apomixis

Question 52

Two related plants can be combined or ______.

Answer 52

grafted

Question 53

In grafting, a _____ is placed on a ____.

Answer 53

shoot; root

Question 54

In grafting, the root is the ____ and the shoot is the _____.

Answer 54

stock; scion

Question 55

What does transgenic means?

Answer 55

plants having genes inserted to promote new phenotypes

Question 56

Give examples of transgenic use

Answer 56

- bacterium DNA that makes a chemical toxic to insects but theoretically harmless to people - inserting Daffodil genes into rice to increase beta carotene