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AP Biology > Flowers, Seeds, and Tech > Flashcards

Flowers, Seeds, and Tech Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Difference between complete and incomplete flowers

A

Complete flowers have all “organs”. Incomplete flowers do not

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2
Q

Whether not flowers are complete or incomplete depends on what?

A

what pollinators they are trying to attract

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3
Q

Pollen is located where?

A

in anthers

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4
Q

Microsporocytes undergo _______ to make _ ___________.

A

meiosis; 4 microspores

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5
Q

Microspores become a _______ _____.

A

pollen grain

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6
Q

Describe a pollen grain

A

gametophyte with a spore wall, generative cell (divides into 2 sperm), and tube cell

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7
Q

What is a tube grain

A

What the tube cell of a pollen grain grows into

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8
Q

Embryo sacs are found where?

A

ovules

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9
Q

Megasporocytes undergo ______ to form _ ____________.

A

meiosis; 4 megaspores

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10
Q

Describe the embryo sac

A

gametophyte with an integument (tough outer layer), egg cell, and two polar nuclei in a central cell

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11
Q

First step of pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma

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12
Q

When pollen reaches the stigma, what happens?

A

Pollen germinates and extends a pollen tube

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13
Q

What does the pollen tube do after extending?

A

sends two sperm to the embryo sac (double fertilization)

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14
Q

In pollination, one sperm fertilizes the egg forming a _____.

A

zygote

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15
Q

Describe the endosperm

A

when the other sperm fertilizes the polar cell and it becomes triploid nutritive tissue

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16
Q

What are the 4 pollination strategies?

A

colors of flowers, scents, nectar, mimicry

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17
Q

Ways flowers are colored to attract pollinators?

A

bright, white (night moths), UV

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18
Q

Way flowers are scented to attract pollinators?

A

sweet (bees), stinky (flies)

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19
Q

Pollinators flowers attract with nectar?

A

bats, birds, and the bees

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20
Q

Ways flowers use mimicry to attract pollinators?

A

fake mates (wasps)

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21
Q

________ plants have either male or female flowers to prevent self pollination.

A

Dioecious

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22
Q

________ flowers only contain stamen to prevent self pollination.

A

Staminate

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23
Q

_______ flowers only contain carpels to prevent self pollination.

A

Carpellate

24
Q

What does it mean when plants stagger their organs?

A

their stamen and styles are at different heights to prevent self pollination

25
Q

______ flowers have long stamens and short styles.

A

Thrums

26
Q

___ flowers have short stamens and long styles.

A

Pin

27
Q

Most plants reject their own pollen. This is called what?

A

Self incompatibility

28
Q

______ become fruit to protect and disperse seeds.

A

Ovaries

29
Q

What is the pericarp?

A

When the ovary wall becomes the thickened wall of the fruit called

30
Q

Sometimes after the pericarp is formed, what happens to the plant?

A

other organs fall off

31
Q

Describe simple fruit with example

A

from one carpel or carpels fused into one (pea pod)

32
Q

Describe aggregate fruit with examples

A

from multiple carpels on one flower (strawberry, blackberry)

33
Q

Describe multiple fruit with examples

A

carpels from many flowers come together (pineapple, figs)

34
Q

Describe accessory fruit with example

A

made from tissues besides the ovary usually the fleshy tissue in the ovary called the receptacle. (apple)

35
Q

Fruits ripen when?

A

when seeds are fully developed

36
Q

Define integument?

A

a tough outer protective layer

37
Q

Covering from integument (name this part in seed development)

A

seed coating

38
Q

Seed leafs, used for nutrient (name this part in seed development)

A

Cotyledon

39
Q

Just below the cotyledons (name this part in seed development)

A

Epicotyl

40
Q

What does epicotyl hold?

A

holds mini leafs and apical meristem

41
Q

What is the radicle

A

embryonic root

42
Q

The hypocotyl is located where

A

just below the epicotyl attached to the radicle

43
Q

Name 4 methods of seed dispersal

A
  • Eaten by animals & passed thru digestive tract
  • Carried by wind
  • Float in water
  • Some have hooks to catch fur or feathers
44
Q

What is the first step of germination?

A

Imbibition

45
Q

Describe imbibition

A

uptake of water by seed

46
Q

______ breaks through first in germination.

A

Radicle

47
Q

After the radicle breaks through, what happens in germination?

A

The hypocotyle then straightens out raising the cotyledons and epicotyl

48
Q

After the cotyledons and epicotyl are straightened out, what happens in germination?

A

The epicotyl spreads the mini leaves

49
Q

When plants grow through fragmentation, what grows a where the plant is clipped

A

a callus

50
Q

Define callus

A

group of undifferentiated dividing cells

51
Q

Asexual seed production is called what?

A

Apomixis

52
Q

Two related plants can be combined or ______.

A

grafted

53
Q

In grafting, a _____ is placed on a ____.

A

shoot; root

54
Q

In grafting, the root is the ____ and the shoot is the _____.

A

stock; scion

55
Q

What does transgenic means?

A

plants having genes inserted to promote new phenotypes

56
Q

Give examples of transgenic use

A
  • bacterium DNA that makes a chemical toxic to insects but theoretically harmless to people
  • inserting Daffodil genes into rice to increase beta carotene

AP Biology (38 decks)

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