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AP Biology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Define virus

A

Non-cellular particle made of genetic material and proteins that invade living cells

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2
Q

Give 7 characteristics of viruses

A
  1. Microscopic
  2. Genetic makeup – DNA or RNA (never both)
  3. No nucleus (not a prokaryote)
  4. Not a cell
  5. Can only reproduce inside living cells
  6. Parasite
  7. not alive
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3
Q

Viruses sometimes have an ________ surrounding the capsid

A

envelope

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4
Q

Define capsid

A

outer protein coat containing nucleic acid

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5
Q

Viruses that go through the lytic cycle are also called what?

A

Virulent phage

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6
Q

Describe the lytic cycle

A

The virus uses host DNA to build more virus structures in side the cell. Then the infected cell bursts (lyses) and releases the virus.

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7
Q

Viruses that go through the lysogenic cycle are also called what?

A

temperate phage

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8
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle

A

virus nucleic acid combines with host nucleic acid forming a prophage. It lays dormant as host cell divides. After a period of time it goes into the lytic cycle

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9
Q

Phage and cell nucleic acid combined is known as what?

A

prophage

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10
Q

Phage and human cell combined is known as what?

A

provirus

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11
Q

How does HIV infect human cells

A

Uses reverse transcriptase to turn RNA into DNA

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12
Q

HIV is known as what type of virus?

A

retrovirus

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13
Q

List 5 viral vectors

A
  1. People
  2. Touch (objects)
  3. Airborne
  4. Waterborne
  5. Mosquito borne
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14
Q

A general out break of a virus is known as what?

A

epidemic

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15
Q

A global outbreak is known as what?

A

pandemic

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16
Q

How are restriction enzymes used to fight viruses?

A

splice DNA. Bacteria use them to splice viral DNA

17
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

a variant form of the virus given to allow the immune system to develop antibodies

18
Q

How do some medicines fight viruses?

A

target viral enzymes like reverse transcriptase in HIV

19
Q

Define viroid

A

a small circular RNA moecule that infects plants. They use the host enzymes to replicate

20
Q

Define prions

A

misfolded infectious brain proteins that change the shape of hosts brain proteins

21
Q

How to prions act?

A

they act slowly for up to ten years before symptoms develop and are almost indestructible

22
Q

Describe the structure of the envelope

A

lipid bilayer that contains viral proteins

AP Biology (38 decks)

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