Mutations and Expression

Question 1

Define mutation

Answer 1

random change in genetic material

Question 2

Mutation can happen when?

Answer 2

replication, transcription, translation, or cell division

Question 3

Define point mutation

Answer 3

a single base pair is affected

Question 4

What are the 3 different types of point mutation?

Answer 4

deletion, insertion, or substitution

Question 5

Describe insertion

Answer 5

extra base pair

Question 6

Insertion and deletion affects the DNA how?

Answer 6

cause a frameshift

Question 7

Define deletion

Answer 7

base pair is removed

Question 8

Define duplication

Answer 8

part of the DNA is duplicated

Question 9

Define inversion

Answer 9

part of the DNA is reversed

Question 10

Define translocations

Answer 10

part of the DNA is moved to a different spot

Question 11

Define missense

Answer 11

the wrong amino acid is added

Question 12

Define nonsense

Answer 12

a stop codon is produced early causing the amino acid chain to end early

Question 13

What is a silent mutation?

Answer 13

the wrong codon is produced but the correct amino acid is sill added (thus no change)

Question 14

What is wobble?

Answer 14

more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. (makes silent mutations possible)

Question 15

What is the operator?

Answer 15

a control site within the promoter that can be blocked to stop transcription (turns the gene off)

Question 16

What is the repressor

Answer 16

a protein that slides into the operator to block transcription (the RNA polymerase cannot attach and pass)

Question 17

What is the operon?

Answer 17

promoter + operator + genes they control

Question 18

What is the co-repressor?

Answer 18

a molecule that combines with the repressor to change the repressor into its active form. (thus turning the gene off)

Question 19

What is negative regulation?

Answer 19

gene is off until turned on

Question 20

In negative regulation, the repressor is naturally ______.

Answer 20

active`

Question 21

What is an inducer?

Answer 21

molecule that bonds with the repressor to make it inactive (turns the gene on)

Question 22

What is positive regulation?

Answer 22

even though the repressor is inactive and the gene is on, protein production must be stimulated

Question 23

What is the activator?

Answer 23

stimulates the production of a protein in a gene that is on (calls for RNA polymerase to attach)

Question 24

What are enhancers?

Answer 24

sites that call for specific activators to stimulate the production of certain proteins

Question 25

What is Histone Acetylation?

Answer 25

acetyl groups are added to histone tails

Question 26

What does Histone Acetylation do?

Answer 26

Histone charges are neutralized then they spread exposing DNA so transcription can be initiated.

Question 27

DNA methylation

Answer 27

a methyl group is added to

a base

Question 28

DNA methylation in ______ genes.

Answer 28

inactive

Question 29

Proteasomes do what?

Answer 29

degrade old protein

Question 30

What is ubiquitin?

Answer 30

molecules added to proteins needed to be broken down

Question 31

What is micro RNA (miRNA)

Answer 31

single stranded degrades or blocks translation of mRNA

Question 32

What is Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)?

Answer 32

double stranded but functions similarly to siRNA (may help fight viruses)