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AP Biology > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain dehydration reaction

A

two monomers bond together to build a polymer. Water is lost (done by enzymes)

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2
Q

Explain hydrolysis

A

Polymers are broken down into monomers. Water is added. (done by enzymes)

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3
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

the single sugar molecules that make up carbohydrates

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4
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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5
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

The location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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6
Q

What shapes are monosaccharides?

A

chains or rings

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7
Q

What is the bond that links two monosaccharides together?

A

glycosidic linkage

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8
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

many monosaccharides linked together

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9
Q

Polysaccharides are found as ______ in plants ________ in animals (liver cells)

A

starch; glycogen

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10
Q

Examples of structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose; chitin

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11
Q

What is cellulose?`

A

a polysaccharide used to give plant cell walls their shape and structure

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12
Q

Compare and contrast cellulose and starch

A

Cellulose is made of glucose just like starch. However, starch is made of alpha glucose and cellulose is made of beta glucose

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13
Q

What type of bonding holds cellulose strands together?

A

hydrogen bonding

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14
Q

Cellulose in humans passes through the digestive tract as _____

A

fiber

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15
Q

Why can’t we digest cellulose?

A

Our enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha linkages can’t hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

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16
Q

What is chitin?

A

a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi

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17
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

storage, insulation, water proofing and membranes

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18
Q

What are fats made of?

A

one glycerol and 3 fatty acids attached by

an ester linkage

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19
Q

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated-have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
Unsaturated-one or more double bonds

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20
Q

Adipose cells do what?

A

store fat

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21
Q

Adipose tissues do what?

A

cushion vital organs and insulate the body

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22
Q

Describe phospholipids

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

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23
Q

Are the tails or head of phospholipids hydrophobic

A

the tails

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24
Q

Describe how cell membranes are made

A

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior.

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25
Q

Steroids are lipids characterized by what?

A

a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings

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26
Q

Describe cholesterol

A

an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes, and can act as a hormone.

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27
Q

Proteins are polymers made of _________ that are made of ______ ____ monomers.

A

polypeptides; amino acid

28
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

29
Q

Amino acids differ in their properties due to what?

A

differing side chains, called R groups (only 20 types of amino acids

30
Q

Describe the primary structure of proteins

A

the order of the amino acids in a protein (like the order of letters in a long word)

31
Q

Describe secondary structure of proteins

A

a pattern of folds and/ or coils of the amino acid chain resulting from hydrogen bonds between the amino acids

32
Q

Describe tertiary structure of proteins

A

random folding, twisting, and clumping that takes place due to interactions between R groups

33
Q

How does the random folding of tertiary structure happen?

A

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions

34
Q

Describe quaternary structure of proteins

A

two or more polypeptide chains combine

35
Q

How does sickle-cell disease occur?

A

a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

36
Q

Define denature

A

the loss of a protein’s structure

37
Q

What causes a protein to be denatured?

A

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors

38
Q

What are enzymes?

A

a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

39
Q

Describe lock and key of enzymes

A

Enzymes match the shape of their substrates (reactants) to put them together or break them apart.

40
Q

Where lock and key takes places is called the ______ ____

A

active site

41
Q

An enzyme will denature when?

A

at certain temperatures or pHs

42
Q

What are chaperonins?

A

protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

43
Q

What is X-ray crystallography used for?

A

to determine a proteins structure

44
Q

What is the monomer that makes up nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

45
Q

Describe the bonds in nucleic acid

A

The nitrogen bases are pyrimidine in structure and form a bond between their 1’ nitrogen and the 1’ -OH group of the deoxyribose. This type of bond is called a glycosidic bond.
The phosphate group forms a bond with the deoxyribose sugar through an ester bond between one of its negatively charged oxygen groups and the 5’ -OH of the sugar

46
Q

What are nucleic acids for?

A

They store genetic information (DNA)

and determine the primary structure proteins

47
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

a base, sugar, and phosphate

48
Q

What are nucleosides made of?

A

base and sugar

49
Q

The phosphate and sugar make up the _____ of DNA the base makes up the ______

A

outside; inside

50
Q

Difference between pyrimidines and purines

A

Pyrimidines – one ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)

Purines two rings (adenine, guanine)

51
Q

What is the difference between the 5’ end and 3’ end of a nucleotide?

A

The 5’ (five prime) is a phosphate group and the 3’ (three prime) is the hydroxyl group.

52
Q

Difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

ribose has a hydroxyl group (OH) on carbon 2, while deoxyribose is without an oxygen on carbon 2 (H). Ribose is the sugar component of the structure of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and deoxyribose is the sugar component in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

53
Q

Describe the shape of a fatty acid

A

long hydrocrabon chain that ends in a carboxyl group

54
Q

describe the bond that is found in lipids

A

ester linkage

55
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

56
Q

how does cholesterol help create a cell membrane?

A

they bind with phospholipids to help form the membrane

57
Q

What is the only thing that is different in a polypeptide?

A

each amino acid’s R group

58
Q

How are proteins built?

A

dehydration synthesis

59
Q

What are the two different types of shapes in secondary structure?

A

alpha helix and beta sheet

60
Q

Most carbohydrates are built on which sugar?

A

glucose

61
Q

What are the three basic types of monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

62
Q

Where does the energy come from in fats?

A

the hydrocarbon bonds

63
Q

Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

A

they have hydrogen on each carbon. this causes the triglyceride to be rigid. this allows the triglyceride to pack up on other triglycerides

64
Q

What is a kinky tail?

A

a bend in the fatty acid due to double bonds

65
Q

What type of fats are kinky tails found in?

A

unsaturated fats

66
Q

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

their kinky tails are unable to pack tightly together

67
Q

Describe the charges of a phospholipid

A

negative head. tail has no charge

AP Biology (38 decks)

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