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AP Biology > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells in a multicellular organism communicate by __________ ___________.

A

chemical messengers

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2
Q

How might animal cells communicate in local signaling

A

direct contact, or cell-cell recognition

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3
Q

Describe local regulators

A

messenger molecules that travel short distances

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4
Q

Describe paracrine signaling

A

local regulator released directly onto one cell by another

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5
Q

Describe synaptic signaling

A

a nerve signal triggers the release of a local regulator onto a near by cell

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6
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that travel long distance

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7
Q

Describe signal transduction pathway

A

a set of step that trigger a certain response from a cell after a signal is received

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8
Q

What are the 3 steps of signal transduction pathway

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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9
Q

What is reception

A

delivery of a signal to a cell

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10
Q

What are ligands

A

Signal molecules

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11
Q

How to certain ligands go through the cell membranes?

A

Water soluble ligands must bind to receptor proteins in the cell membrane
Non-polar or small ligands can travel directly in the cell

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12
Q

What is a G protein-coupled receptor

A

membrane receptor that activates a G protein when a ligand is present

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13
Q

What process do G protein-coupled receptors start

A

transduction

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14
Q

How does a G protein work?

A

when activated, it uses energy from GDP becoming GTP to turn on an enzyme

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15
Q

Describe receptor tyrosine kinase

A

membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines.

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16
Q

How is a dimer made

A

When the ligand is present, the two kinases form

17
Q

What does a dimer do

A

trigger multiple transduction pathways

18
Q

Describe a ligand-gated ion channel

A

receptor opens like a gate when a ligand is present to allow ions in

19
Q

Small or hydrophobic ligands go inside a cell how?

A

they travel directly through the cell membrane

20
Q

What is a hormone receptor complex

A

a ligand and internal receptor binded together

21
Q

What process does a hormone receptor complex start?

A

transduction

22
Q

Signal transduction usually involves multiple steps that includes what to get a response from a cell?

A

turning a sequence of proteins on and off

23
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate (turns proteins on)

24
Q

What is dephosphorylation

A

removing a phosphate (turns proteins off)

25
Q

Phosphorylation is done by what types of proteins?

A

Protein kinases

26
Q

Dephosphorylation is done by what types of proteins?

A

Protein phosphatases

27
Q

Describe second messengers

A

Small, water soluble molecules or ions, which rapidly relay the signal from the membrane-receptor-bound “first messenger” into a cell’s interior

28
Q

What are types of second messengers?

A

cAMP (made from ATP), IP3, Ca+, DAG

29
Q

Cell usually respond by doing what?

A

synthesizing enzymes or proteins, or turning genes on or off

30
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

A response that is a programmed or controlled cell suicide

31
Q

How does apoptosis work?

A

A cell is chopped and packaged into vesicles that are digested to prevent enzymes from leaking out and damaging other cells

32
Q

Apoptosis can be triggered by:

A

An extracellular death-signaling ligand
DNA damage in the nucleus
Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum

33
Q

List two advantages of a multistep pathway in the transduction stage of cell signaling

A
  1. amplification to produce a large cellular response and also provide opportunity for regulation and coordination.
  2. easier to regulate or shut off the system since there are more targets.
34
Q

Explain how an original signal molecule can produce a cellular response when it may not even enter the target cell

A

The signal molecule binds a receptor on the surface of the cell. This receptor is embedded in the cell membrane. Upon binding of a signal molecule the receptor will become active and will be able to activate proteins in the cytoplasm. This in turn will affect other proteins eventually resulting in a cell response.

35
Q

Explain how signals can be sent through direct contact

A

They may be communicated between cells through direct cytoplasmic connections (gap junctions or plasmodesmata) or through contact of surface molecules (cell-cell recognition in animal cells).

36
Q

How do second messengers function in signal transduction pathways

A

Second messengers participate in pathways initiated by both G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Commonly used second messengers are cAMP and calcium ions.

37
Q

Explain why different types of cells may respond differently to the same signal molecule

A

each type of cell has its own complement of proteins

AP Biology (38 decks)

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