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AP Biology > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main attributes of bacteria?

A

-Prokaryotes
-unicellular
-can be aerobic or anaerobic
-Two Kingdoms:
Archaebacteria and Bacteria

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2
Q

A dye that causes the cell wall of a bacterium to turn a certain color is known as ________ _________.

A

Gram staining

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3
Q

gram positive is what color?

A

purple

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4
Q

gram negative is what color?

A

pink

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5
Q

Why is gram staining useful?

A

helps you determine what antibiotic to use

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6
Q

Describe the structure of gram positive bacteria

A

contain peptidoglycans that offer protection an anchorage

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7
Q

Describe peptidoglycans

A

a layer of sugar polymers with polypeptides woven through them

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8
Q

Gram positive bacteria may release _______.

A

exotoxins

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9
Q

Describe the structure of gram negative bacteria

A

contain a layer of lipopolysaccharides on top of a thin layer of peptidoglycans.

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10
Q

Describe lipopolysaccharides

A

carbs. protruding from a lipid based membrane

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11
Q

What chemical is used to stain gram positive bacteria?

A

crystal violet

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12
Q

What chemical is used to stain gram negative bacteria?

A

safranin

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13
Q

When gram negative bacteria die, they release ________.

A

endotoxins

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14
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

break down peptidoglycans so they are affective against gram positive bacteria

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15
Q

Gram negative bacteria are extremely harmful because why?

A

their LPS layer is toxic which causes fever and shock

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16
Q

How are gram negative bacteria dealt with?

A

Strong antibiotics and alternative medicines are needed to kill them.

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17
Q

How to bacteria stick to their hosts?

A

Capsules and/or Fimbriae

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18
Q

Describe capsules

A

sticky outside layer of polysaccharide or protein used to help the bacteria stick to a host or other colony members.

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19
Q

Describe fimbriae

A

hair like protrusions used to attach itself to a host

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20
Q

Some bacteria move by using a _______.

A

flagellum

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21
Q

Bacteria will move toward or away from a stimuli, like nutrient. This is known as ____.

22
Q

Bacteria shape provided by the ____ ____.

23
Q

What are 3 shapes of bacteria?

A

rod, sphere, spiral

24
Q

What is the rod shape called?

25
Q

What is the sphere shape called?

26
Q

What is the spiral shape called?

27
Q

What are the 3 growth arrangements?

A

paired colonies, chains, clumps

28
Q

Paired colonies are called?

29
Q

Chains are called?

30
Q

Clumps are called?

31
Q

Describe binary fission

A

the DNA replicates and the cell divides in half

32
Q

What is conjugation

A

protein bridge is formed between 2 bacteria, a plasmid is donated

33
Q

Describe transformation

A

A plasmid from a dead bacteria cell is taken up by another. Can change the geno- or phenotype.

34
Q

Describe transduction

A

A bacteriaphage may accidentally transfer bacteria DNA from one bacteria to another.

35
Q

Describe endospores

A

a tough covering containing bacteria DNA

36
Q

Endospores are produced where?

A

unfavorable environments

37
Q

What must be used to sterilize surfaces containing endospores?

A

extreme heat and acidic cleaners

38
Q

What do bacteria do while endospores are produced

A

they will lie dormant until conditions are right

39
Q

Endospores cause what?

A

botulism in unsterilized canned foods, or tetanus in wounds

40
Q

Define archaebacteria

A

Bacteria that live in extreme environments called extremophiles

41
Q

Describe thermophiles

A

lives in hot springs and thermal vents in the ocean (100ºC)

42
Q

Describe methanogens

A
  • Live in marshes and cow stomachs
  • Used in sewage treatment plants
  • Breakdown CO2 and H2
43
Q

Describe halophiles

A

Live in the dead sea and salt lakes, pump in potassium to achieve isotonic status

44
Q

In the Bacteria kingdom, these bacteria are the most common and are often parasitic. What are they classified under?

A

heterotrophic

45
Q

In the Bacteria kingdom, these bacteria do photosynthesis to make energy and contain chlorophyll. What are they classified under?

A

photosynthetic autotrophs

46
Q

Where are photosynthetic autotrophs found?

A

in water (rivers, lakes, swamps, etc)

47
Q

In the Bacteria kingdom, these bacteria use inorganic compounds to make energy. What are they classified under?

A

chemosynthetic autotrophs

48
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs are also called _______ _______ bacteria.

A

nitrogen fixing

49
Q

Give 4 benefits of bacteria

A
  • fix nitrogen
  • help digest food in our intestines
  • decomposers
  • used to make food (cheese, yogurt)
50
Q

Give 2 cons of bacteria

A
  • Cause Diseases

- Over use of antibiotics has created more resistant bacteria

AP Biology (38 decks)

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