Bacteria

Question 1

What are the 4 main attributes of bacteria?

Answer 1

-Prokaryotes
-unicellular
-can be aerobic or anaerobic
-Two Kingdoms:
Archaebacteria and Bacteria

Question 2

A dye that causes the cell wall of a bacterium to turn a certain color is known as ________ _________.

Answer 2

Gram staining

Question 3

gram positive is what color?

Answer 3

purple

Question 4

gram negative is what color?

Answer 4

pink

Question 5

Why is gram staining useful?

Answer 5

helps you determine what antibiotic to use

Question 6

Describe the structure of gram positive bacteria

Answer 6

contain peptidoglycans that offer protection an anchorage

Question 7

Describe peptidoglycans

Answer 7

a layer of sugar polymers with polypeptides woven through them

Question 8

Gram positive bacteria may release _______.

Answer 8

exotoxins

Question 9

Describe the structure of gram negative bacteria

Answer 9

contain a layer of lipopolysaccharides on top of a thin layer of peptidoglycans.

Question 10

Describe lipopolysaccharides

Answer 10

carbs. protruding from a lipid based membrane

Question 11

What chemical is used to stain gram positive bacteria?

Answer 11

crystal violet

Question 12

What chemical is used to stain gram negative bacteria?

Answer 12

safranin

Question 13

When gram negative bacteria die, they release ________.

Answer 13

endotoxins

Question 14

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 14

break down peptidoglycans so they are affective against gram positive bacteria

Question 15

Gram negative bacteria are extremely harmful because why?

Answer 15

their LPS layer is toxic which causes fever and shock

Question 16

How are gram negative bacteria dealt with?

Answer 16

Strong antibiotics and alternative medicines are needed to kill them.

Question 17

How to bacteria stick to their hosts?

Answer 17

Capsules and/or Fimbriae

Question 18

Describe capsules

Answer 18

sticky outside layer of polysaccharide or protein used to help the bacteria stick to a host or other colony members.

Question 19

Describe fimbriae

Answer 19

hair like protrusions used to attach itself to a host

Question 20

Some bacteria move by using a _______.

Answer 20

flagellum

Question 21

Bacteria will move toward or away from a stimuli, like nutrient. This is known as ____.

Answer 21

taxis

Question 22

Bacteria shape provided by the ____ ____.

Answer 22

cell wall

Question 23

What are 3 shapes of bacteria?

Answer 23

rod, sphere, spiral

Question 24

What is the rod shape called?

Answer 24

bacilli

Question 25

What is the sphere shape called?

Answer 25

cocci

Question 26

What is the spiral shape called?

Answer 26

spirilla

Question 27

What are the 3 growth arrangements?

Answer 27

paired colonies, chains, clumps

Question 28

Paired colonies are called?

Answer 28

diplo

Question 29

Chains are called?

Answer 29

strepto

Question 30

Clumps are called?

Answer 30

staphylo

Question 31

Describe binary fission

Answer 31

the DNA replicates and the cell divides in half

Question 32

What is conjugation

Answer 32

protein bridge is formed between 2 bacteria, a plasmid is donated

Question 33

Describe transformation

Answer 33

A plasmid from a dead bacteria cell is taken up by another. Can change the geno- or phenotype.

Question 34

Describe transduction

Answer 34

A bacteriaphage may accidentally transfer bacteria DNA from one bacteria to another.

Question 35

Describe endospores

Answer 35

a tough covering containing bacteria DNA

Question 36

Endospores are produced where?

Answer 36

unfavorable environments

Question 37

What must be used to sterilize surfaces containing endospores?

Answer 37

extreme heat and acidic cleaners

Question 38

What do bacteria do while endospores are produced

Answer 38

they will lie dormant until conditions are right

Question 39

Endospores cause what?

Answer 39

botulism in unsterilized canned foods, or tetanus in wounds

Question 40

Define archaebacteria

Answer 40

Bacteria that live in extreme environments called extremophiles

Question 41

Describe thermophiles

Answer 41

lives in hot springs and thermal vents in the ocean (100ºC)

Question 42

Describe methanogens

Answer 42

- Live in marshes and cow stomachs - Used in sewage treatment plants - Breakdown CO2 and H2

Question 43

Describe halophiles

Answer 43

Live in the dead sea and salt lakes, pump in potassium to achieve isotonic status

Question 44

In the Bacteria kingdom, these bacteria are the most common and are often parasitic. What are they classified under?

Answer 44

heterotrophic

Question 45

In the Bacteria kingdom, these bacteria do photosynthesis to make energy and contain chlorophyll. What are they classified under?

Answer 45

photosynthetic autotrophs

Question 46

Where are photosynthetic autotrophs found?

Answer 46

in water (rivers, lakes, swamps, etc)

Question 47

In the Bacteria kingdom, these bacteria use inorganic compounds to make energy. What are they classified under?

Answer 47

chemosynthetic autotrophs

Question 48

Chemosynthetic autotrophs are also called _______ _______ bacteria.

Answer 48

nitrogen fixing

Question 49

Give 4 benefits of bacteria

Answer 49

- fix nitrogen - help digest food in our intestines - decomposers - used to make food (cheese, yogurt)

Question 50

Give 2 cons of bacteria

Answer 50

- Cause Diseases | - Over use of antibiotics has created more resistant bacteria