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AP Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protein is made outside of the nucleus at the ________.

A

ribosome

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2
Q

Define transcription

A

making of mRNA from DNA

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3
Q

messenger RNA is a copy of ___ that can leave the ________.

A

DNA; nucleus

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4
Q

RNA’s base pairs are read in sets of 3 called ______.

A

codons

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5
Q

The three stages of transcription are:

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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6
Q

Give an overview of the initiation stage

A

starts transcription

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7
Q

Give an overview of the elongation stage

A

lays down the mRNA nucleotides

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8
Q

Give an overview of the termination

A

finalizes the mRNA

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9
Q

Describe the promoter

A

the beginning of the DNA sequence to be copied

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10
Q

What enzyme attaches to the promoter?

A

RNA polymerase II

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11
Q

Describe the TATA Box

A

the promoter begins with a sequence of DNA that includes the base pairs T and A

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12
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

proteins that allow the RNA Polymerase II to bind to the promoter.

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13
Q

What is the transcription initiation complex

A

the promoter, RNA Polymerase II, and Transcription factors all combined and ready to start transcription

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14
Q

Describe RNA Polymerase

A

an enzyme that unwinds DNA and lays down RNA nucleotides

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15
Q

A _________ ____ caused the mRNA to be cut free from the DNA.

A

termination code

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16
Q

When the mRNA is cut from DNA, it is called ___-___ and it needs a few modifications

A

pre-mRNA

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17
Q

How is the 5’ end of pre-RNA altered

A

it receives a modified 5′ cap

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18
Q

How is the 3’ end of pre-RNA altered

A

it a gets a poly-A tail

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19
Q

Describe the 5’ cap

A

a modified guanine nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups

20
Q

Describe the poly-A tail

A

several adenine nucleotides in a row (50+)

21
Q

What is the purpose of modifying pre-RNA?

A
  • allows mRNA to leave the nucleus
  • protects mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes
  • helps ribosomes attach to the 5′ end
22
Q

Describe introns

A

sections that are cut out of the pre-mRNA

23
Q

Describe exons

A

sections that are left in the finalized mRNA

24
Q

What do spliceosomes do?

A

carry out RNA splicing

25
Q

Spliceosomes are made out of what?

A

ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)

26
Q

What do snRNPs do?

A

recognize the splice sites

27
Q

Describe ribozymes

A

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

28
Q

Ribozymes are present in _______.

A

snRNP’s

29
Q

What is alternative RNA splicing?

A

choosing different regions of introns or exons from the same pre-mRNA sequence

30
Q

What is the purpose of alternative RNA splicing?

A

So one gene can code for more than one protein

31
Q

What is t-RNA

A

Transfer RNA

32
Q

Each tRNA has an ___-____ that matches up with a codon on the messenger RNA

A

anti-codon

33
Q

Each tRNA also has a particular ______ ___ attached to it.

A

amino acid

34
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

enzyme that attaches amino acids to tRNA

35
Q

What do ribosomes do in protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes match the tRNA anticodons with mRN

36
Q

The two ribosomal subunits are made of what?

A

proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

37
Q

small subunit holds ____

A

mRNA

38
Q

large subunit holds ____

A

tRNA

39
Q

A ribosome has three _______ ___ for tRNA

A

binding sites

40
Q

What is the A-Site for?

A

holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain

41
Q

What is the P-Site for?

A

holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain

42
Q

What is the E-Site for?

A

the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

43
Q

What is polyribosome (or polysome)

A

several ribosomes translate a single mRNA simultaneously, allowing a cell to make many copies of a protein very quickly

44
Q

What is a signal peptide

A

a short peptide added to the finished protein

45
Q

What does a signal-recognition particle (SRP) do?

A

attaches to the signal peptide that that it may enter the ER

AP Biology (38 decks)

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