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Boards pt1 > Vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of b1

A

thiamine

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2
Q

active form of b1

A

tpp

thiamine pyrophosphate

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3
Q

reaction b1 undergoes

A

oxidative decarboxylation

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4
Q

what occurs when deficient in b1

A

beri beri

wernicke’s korsakoff

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5
Q

what are signs of beri beri

A

weakness, edema, increased heart rate (tachycardia)

paralysis

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6
Q

what are peripheral neurologic, cerebral and vascular manifestations called with b1 deficiency

A

polyenurities

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7
Q

name of b2

A

riboflavin

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8
Q

active forms of b2

A

FAD, FADH2, FMN/FMNH2

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9
Q

reaction b2 undegoes

A

oxidation reduction

electron transfer reactions

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10
Q

deficiency of b2

A

cheilosis and angular stomatitis (cracks in mouth)

blurred visions

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11
Q

what is magenta tongue associated with

A

b2

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12
Q

food sources for b1

A

wheat germ oil, pork, oatmeal

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13
Q

food sources for b2

A

beef, chicken liver, eggs

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14
Q

name of b3

A

niacin

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15
Q

active forms of niacin

A

NAD+, NADH, NADP, NADPH

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16
Q

reaction b3 undergoes

A

oxidation reduction
electron transfer reactions
glycolysis

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17
Q

deficiency of b3

A

pellagra (4D disease)

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18
Q

what are the 4D’s associated with pellagra

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

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19
Q

what turns into niacin

A

tryptophan

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20
Q

what is corn protein deficient in

A

tryptophan

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21
Q

food sources for b3

A

liver, tuna, oatmeal, salmon

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22
Q

b5 name

A

pantothenic acid

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23
Q

b5 active form

A

pantothenic acid

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24
Q

deficiency of b5

A

rare, burning feet, malaise, abdominal pain

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25
Q

food sources for b5

A

beef and chicken liver, sunflower seeds

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26
Q

reaction b5 under goes

A

coenzyme a (CoA)

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27
Q

b6 name

A

pyridoxine

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28
Q

active form b6

A

pyridoxal phosphate

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29
Q

reaction b6 undergoes

A

transiamination and decarboxylation

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30
Q

deficiency of b6

A

convulsions in infants, dermatitis, loss of myelin

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31
Q

which vit b can be toxic and what does it cause

A

b6 - sensory ataxia

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32
Q

food sources for b6

A

liver, oatmeal, banana, garbanzo

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33
Q

name of b9

A

folic acid

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34
Q

active form of b9

A

tetra-hydro folate (H4F)

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35
Q

reaction b9 undergoes

A

methyl transfer

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36
Q

deficiency of b9 causes

A

macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia

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37
Q

what does b9 prevent

A

neural tube defects

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38
Q

food sources for b9

A

chicken liver, spinach and lentils

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39
Q

b12 name

A

cyanocobalamin

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40
Q

b12 active form

A

deoxy-adenosyl cobalamin

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41
Q

reaction b12 undegoes

A

methyl transfer

recycles folic acid

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42
Q

vegetarians suffer what without b12

A

pernicious anemia

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43
Q

deficiency of b12

A 
macrocytic anemia (pernicious megaloblastic)
combined systems disease (PLS)
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44
Q

what does b12 need to be absorbed

A

intrinsic factor from stomach

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45
Q

b12 is not found in

A

plants

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46
Q

food sources for b12

A

liver, clams, oysters, chicken, herring and crab

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47
Q

biotin active form

A

biotin

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48
Q

reaction biotin undergoes

A

carboxylation

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49
Q

deficiency of biotin

A

swollen tongue (glossitis/dermatitis), ABS

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50
Q

what prevents ABS

A

avidin in raw eggs

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51
Q

what is needed to make fats and carbos

A

biotin

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52
Q

food sources of biotin

A

cauliflower, peanuts and cheese

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53
Q

vit c name

A

ascorbic acid

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54
Q

vit c active form

A

reduced state

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55
Q

reaction of vit c

A

collagen

synthesis antioxidant

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56
Q

deficiency of vit c causes

A

scurvy and bleeding gums

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57
Q

what makes hydroxyproline

A

collagen synthesis

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58
Q

food sources for vit c

A

citrus fruits

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59
Q

bioflavanoid reaction

A

vitamin c reduced

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60
Q

food sources of bioflavanoid

A

white part of fruit

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61
Q

what are the vitamins that are water soluble

A

b1, b2, b3, b5, b6, b9, b12, biotin, vit C and bioflavanoids

62
Q

what are the vitamins that are fat soluble

A

A, D, E, K

63
Q

vit A name

A

retinol

64
Q

where is retinol from

A

beta carotene

65
Q

what is the active form of vit A

A

name which starts with retin-

66
Q

deficiency of vit A

A

night blindness, dry cornea and ulerations

xerophthalmia, skin sores, everything “dry”

67
Q

what does vit A help with

A

health of mucus membranes

68
Q

toxicity of vit A causes

A

headaches, peeling skin

69
Q

food sources of vit A

A

beef, chicken liver, carrots and sweet potato, cantaloupe

70
Q

vit D name

A

cholecalciferol

ergocalciferol

71
Q

active form of vit D

A

1,25 diOH cholecalciferol

72
Q

hydroxylation steps of vit D

A

liver then kidney

73
Q

deficiency of vit D

A

rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults

74
Q

what does vit D do

A

absorbs calcium from the gut

75
Q

vit D toxicity

A

anorexia, renal failure

76
Q

food sources for vit D

A

cod liver, salmon, sardine, milk, fortified cereal

77
Q

vit E name

A

tocopherol

78
Q

where is vit E stored

A

adipose, liver and muscle

79
Q

what does vit E require for absorption

A

bile salts and fat

80
Q

deficiency of vit E

A

possible hemolytic anemia, muscular dystrophy, sterility

cardiovascular problems

81
Q

what vitamin is a good blood thinner

A

vit E

82
Q

with what makes vit E an antioxidant

A

selenium

83
Q

vit E toxicity

A

interferes with enzymes

84
Q

food sources for vit E

A

wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds, almonds and hazel nuts

85
Q

vit K names

A

quinone

86
Q

vit K synthesized by what

A

large intestin bacteria

87
Q

what does vit K need for absorption

A

bile salts and fat

88
Q

where is vit K stored

A

liver and spleen

89
Q

deficiency of vit K

A

clotting disorders

90
Q

what does vit K make in the liver

A

pro-thrombin

91
Q

vit K toxicity

A

kernicterus, neural

92
Q

food sources of vit K

A

turnips, spinach, cauliflower and cabbage

93
Q

what are antioxidants

A

vit A, C, E, and beta carotene

94
Q

what are the macrominerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and magnesium

95
Q

how many mg of calcium in blood

A

9-11%

96
Q

function of calcium

A

component of bone
muscle contraction
nerve regulation

97
Q

what regulates calcium from gut to blood

A

vit D

98
Q

what regulates calcium from blood to bone

A

calcitonin

99
Q

what regulates calcium from bone to blood

A

PTH

100
Q

deficiency of calcium

A

rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, may lead to tetany

101
Q

toxicity, disease, or symptoms of calcium

A

decrease muscle tone
calcium deposits in soft tissue
renal failure

102
Q

food sources of calcium

A

milk, green leafy veges, canned fish with bones

103
Q

phosphorus function

A

component of bone, ATP, nucleic acids

104
Q

what regulates phosphorus

A

kidney

105
Q

deficiency of phosphorus

A

rickets, osteomalacia, renal dysfunction

106
Q

toxicity, disease, or symptoms of phosphorus

A

bone loss

107
Q

sodium function

A

h2o distribution: osmosis, AP, bicarbinate

108
Q

how much sodium per day

A

2400mg

109
Q

what regulates sodium

A

aldosterone

110
Q

deficiency of sodium

A

hyponatremia, confusion, coma

111
Q

toxicity of sodium

A

hypertension (extracellular)

112
Q

potassium function

A

nerve and muscle AP (intracellular)

113
Q

what regulates potassium

A

aldosterone

114
Q

deficiency of potassium

A

caused by diuretics, muscle weakness

115
Q

toxicity of potassium

A

cardiac arrest

116
Q

magnesium function

A

component of bones, cofactor for kinase, needed for glucose breakdown

117
Q

deficiency of magnesium

A

diabetes, hypertension, increased blood cholesterol, spasms blood vessels

118
Q

toxicity of magnesium

A

poisoning: miners, neuro symptoms are like parkinson’s dx

119
Q

food sources for magnesium

A

most plants

120
Q

what are the microminerals

A

chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc, fluorine

121
Q

chromium functions

A

glucose transport

122
Q

what helps bind insulin to cell

A

chromium

123
Q

deficiency of chromium

A

impaired glucose tolerance

124
Q

cobalt function

A

constituent of vitamin b12

125
Q

deficiency of cobalt

A

macrocytic (pernicious) anemia

126
Q

copper function

A

part of cytochrome A oxidace (ETC)

127
Q

how is copper metabolized

A

transported by albumin

128
Q

what does metabolized copper form

A

melanin

129
Q

deficiency of copper

A

menke’s sundrome

hereditary: CNS, die infancy

130
Q

iodine function

A

part of thyroxine

131
Q

what is iodine stored as and where

A

thyroglobulin in the thyroid

132
Q

deficiency of iodine

A

cretinism in kids, goiter, myxedema in adults

133
Q

iron function

A

part of heme enzymes

134
Q

what are the heme enzymes iron is part of

A

hemoglobin, cytochromes

135
Q

what is iron transported as

A

transferrin

136
Q

what is iron stored as

A

ferritin

137
Q

deficiency of iron

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia

138
Q

food sources of iron

A

meat, liver, clams, oysters, tofu, egg yolk

139
Q

manganese function

A

cofactor for decarboxylase

140
Q

what is manganese for

A

hemoglobin, forms urea, growth, reproduction

141
Q

deficiency of manganese

A

ligamentous healing

142
Q

selenium functions

A

cofactor for glutathione peroxidase

143
Q

what is synergistic with vit E

A

selenium

144
Q

deficiency of selenium

A

cardiomyopathy

145
Q

toxicity of selenium

A

hair/nail loss

146
Q

zinc function

A

cofactor for carbonic anhydrase

147
Q

toxicity of zinc

A

metal fume fever: neuro damage

148
Q

deficiency of zinc

A

impaired wound healing

149
Q

food sources for zinc

A

pumpkin seeds

150
Q

fluorine function

A

increases hardness of teeth

151
Q

excess fluorine causes

A

mottled teeth

152
Q

deficiency of fluorine

A

dental caries

Boards pt1 (28 decks)

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