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Boards pt1 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

neuron aka’s

A

cell body, soma, perikaryon, karyon

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2
Q

what are the house keeping cells

A

microglia

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3
Q

what is happening to a cell during depolarization?

A 
influx of sodium
ascending phase
impulse likely
na++ gates close
threshold occurs: -55 & -50mv
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4
Q

what is happening to a cell during repolarization?

A

efflux of potassium
inside membrane is less positive
membrane pot. towards resting
descending phase

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5
Q

influx of sodium and efflux of sodium are due to what type of diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion

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6
Q

change in permeability of membrane is called

A

action potential

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7
Q

terminal bulbs aka

A

bouton, telodendria

where NT is stored

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8
Q

what molecule causes release of NT

A

calcium

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9
Q

resting state is

A

before ap begins

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10
Q

what is the membrane at resting state

A

polarized

-90mV

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11
Q

stage where membrane is permeable to sodium ions

A

depolarization stage

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12
Q

when do Na+ channels begin to close

A

repolarization stage

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13
Q

when do K+ channels open wider

A

repolarization stage

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14
Q

how does the cell re-establish normal negative resting memb pot.

A

rapid diffusion of K+ to exterior

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15
Q

what does the activation voltage gated sodium channel do

A

outside of channel

at -70 to -50mV opens all the way to let na+ in

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16
Q

what do inactivation voltage gated sodium channel do

A

closes more slowly

does not re-open until MP at RMP

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17
Q

neuron that sends the signal

A

presynaptic neuron

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18
Q

neuron receiving signal

A

postsynaptic neuron

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19
Q

postsynaptic neuron structure

A

small diameter, unmyelinated

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20
Q

most synapses, axon to dendrite

A

axodendritic

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21
Q

axon to soma

A

axosomatic

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22
Q

axon to axon

A

axoaxonic

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23
Q

connexons connecting cytosol of two cells

A

gap junction

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24
Q

gap junction locations

A

visceral, smooth and cardiac muscle, embryo and CNS

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25
Q

chemical synapses are

A

close together but membrane doesnt touch

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26
Q

synaptic clefts need

A

NT, because of seperation

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27
Q

synaptic delay time

A

.5 m/s

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28
Q

one way transmission

A

only synaptic end bulbs of presynaptic neurons release nt

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29
Q

excitatory transmitters

A

norepi/epi, glutamate, nitric oxide

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30
Q

norepi in

A

brain stem, hypothalamus, etc.

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31
Q

glutamate in

A

CNS, cerebral cortex

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32
Q

nitric oxide in

A

brain (quickly diffuses)

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33
Q

inhibitory transmitters

A

ach, dopamine, glycine, gaba, serotonin

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34
Q

ach in

A

motor cortex

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35
Q

dopamine in

A

substantia nigra

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36
Q

glycine in

A

spinal cord

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37
Q

gaba in

A

spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia

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38
Q

serotonin in

A

brain stem

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39
Q

summation is where

A

1k-10k synapses are received in the cns

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40
Q

spatial summations is

A

build up of nt’s by several presynaptic bulbs

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41
Q

temporal summation is

A

nt released by a single presynaptic blub firing 2x or more

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42
Q

what are pain receptors called

A

nociceptors

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43
Q

nociceptor are what and senses what

A

free nerve endings, pain, tickle, itch and temp

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44
Q

location where nociceptors are greatest

A

tip of tongue, lips, genitals, finger tips

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45
Q

location where nociceptors are least found

A

upper arm, buttock, trunk

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46
Q

aka for pain

A

algesia

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47
Q

what nt for pain

A

substance p

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48
Q

what are the mechanoreceptors

A

end bulbs of krause

ruffini corpuscles

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49
Q

krause are what and senses what

A

encapsulated

pressure

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50
Q

ruffini are what and senses what

A

encapsulated and multibranched

temperature perception and pressure

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51
Q

touch receptors

A

merkels discs
meissners corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles

52
Q

merkels sense what

A

general touch (ant. spino.)

53
Q

what are grouped together called iggo dome receptors

A

hair follicles

54
Q

meissners are what and sense what

A 
encapsulated located on non hairy skin
fine touch (dorsal columns)
55
Q

pacinian are what and sense what

A

encapsulated

pressure and vibration

56
Q

which touch receptor is a phasic receptor and quick adapter

A

pacinian

57
Q

what is the primary sensory for muscle length called

A

nuclear bag

58
Q

proprioception receptors

A

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, golgi tendon reflex

59
Q

muscle spindles sense

A

stretch (dynamic and static only in skeletal muscle)

60
Q

golgi tendon organs sense

A

load or weight

61
Q

golgi tendon reflex helps

A

prevent excessive tension in a musce

62
Q

exitation of golgi tendon relflex

A

relaxes extrafusal fibers

63
Q

which part of the ans vasoconstricts blood vessels and skin

A

sympathetic

64
Q

which part of the ans has little to no effect on the blood vessels and skin

A

parasympathetic

65
Q

which part of the ans affects the muscles

A

parasympathetic

smooth muscles

66
Q

which ans decreases heart rate

A

parasympathetic

67
Q

which ans increases heart rate

A

sympathetic

68
Q

what does the sympathetic ns affect in the lungs and bronchi

A

deep breaths, dilates bronchi

69
Q

what does parasymp. ns affect in lungs and bronchi

A

shallow breath, constricts bronchi

70
Q

sympathetic ns causes eyes to

A

dilate

71
Q

parasymp. ns causes eyes to

A

constrict

72
Q

sympathetic effect on gi and peristalsis

A

decrease secretion and decrease digestion

73
Q

parasymp. ns effect on gi, peristalsis and colon

A

increase secretions, increase bowel movement, increase colon activity

74
Q

sympathetic ns receptors

A

adrenergic

75
Q

parasymp. ns receptors

A

cholinergic

76
Q

sympathetic preganglionic nt

A

ach

77
Q

sympathetic post ganglionic nt

A

epi/norepi

78
Q

parasymp preganglionic and posganglionic nt

A

ach

79
Q

depolarization is due to

A

influx of sodium

80
Q

repolarization is due to

A

efflux of potassium

81
Q

when is it not possible to have an ap

A

absolute refractory period

82
Q

when could there be an ap possible do to increase of potential

A

relative refractory

83
Q

single cell with many synapses

A

spatial summation

84
Q

rapid succession of ap with few synapses

A

temporal summation

85
Q

what cells release glycine

A

renshaw cells

86
Q

strychnine affects which nt and how

A

glycine, blocks receptors

87
Q

strychnine causes what

A

massive tetanic contractions where diaphragm cannot relax

88
Q

cerebral sensory areas

A

somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, wernickes

89
Q

somatosensory brain location

A

postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)

90
Q

visual sensory brain location

A

occipital lobe, striate cortex, calcarine fissure

91
Q

auditory sensory brain location

A

superior temporal lobe, heschls gyrus

92
Q

gustatory brain location

A

base of postcentral gyrus

93
Q

olfactory brain location

A

medial temporal lobe

94
Q

wernickes brain location

A

superior temporal lobe

95
Q

what portion of the brain is the receptive portion of language

A

wernickes

96
Q

what portion of the brain is the expressive portion of language

A

brocas

97
Q

cerebral motor areas

A

motor, premotor, brocas

98
Q

motor brain location

A

precentral gyrus

99
Q

premotor brain location

A

anterior to motor cortex

100
Q

premotor function

A

skilled movements

101
Q

brocas brain location

A

inferior posterior frontal lobe

102
Q

cerebellum is for

A

coordination of muscle contractions

103
Q

cerebellum lesions lead to

A

staccato or slurred speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus

104
Q

thalamus function

A

main relay between cortex and spinal cord

crude sensation

105
Q

hypothalamus function

A

control ans and endocrine

106
Q

what controls body temperature (median eminence) food intake and thirst

A

hypothalamus

107
Q

what controls functions in rage and aggression

A

hypothalamus

108
Q

what helps maintain waking state and sleep

A

hypothalamus

109
Q

hypothalamus releases which nt

A

somatostatin

110
Q

somatostatin causes

A

decrease secretion of insulin and glucagon

111
Q

what is the lymbic system

A

emotional aspects of behavior related to survival

112
Q

what does the lymbic system consist of

A

formix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus and parts of thalamus

113
Q

what part of the midbrain cordinates eyeball movement in response to visual stimuli

A

superior colliculi

114
Q

what part of the midbrain coordinates the head and trunk due to auditory stimuli

A

inferior colliculi

115
Q

which cn’s are associated with eyeball and auditory stimuli

A

cn3, cn4

116
Q

pons function

A

pneumotaxic and apneustic

117
Q

which cn’s are pneumotaxic and apneustic

A

5, 6, 7, 8

118
Q

reticular formation is where

A

medulla

119
Q

reticular formation associated with

A

diencephalon, pons, midbrain

120
Q

which nuclei helps maintain eq

A

vestibular nuclei

121
Q

reticular formation functions

A

in consciousness and arousal

122
Q

vital reflex centers regulate what

A

heartbeat, breathing and blood vessel diameter

123
Q

what coordinates swallowing, vomitting, coughing, sneezing and hiccuping

A

reticular formation

124
Q

which cn’s originate in the medulla

A

8, 9, 10, 11, 12

125
Q

dark spots due to aging and product oxidation

A

lipofuscin

Boards pt1 (28 decks)

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