Neurophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
neuron aka’s
A
cell body, soma, perikaryon, karyon
2
Q
what are the house keeping cells
A
microglia
3
Q
what is happening to a cell during depolarization?
A
influx of sodium ascending phase impulse likely na++ gates close threshold occurs: -55 & -50mv
4
Q
what is happening to a cell during repolarization?
A
efflux of potassium
inside membrane is less positive
membrane pot. towards resting
descending phase
5
Q
influx of sodium and efflux of sodium are due to what type of diffusion
A
facilitated diffusion
6
Q
change in permeability of membrane is called
A
action potential
7
Q
terminal bulbs aka
A
bouton, telodendria
where NT is stored
8
Q
what molecule causes release of NT
A
calcium
9
Q
resting state is
A
before ap begins
10
Q
what is the membrane at resting state
A
polarized
-90mV
11
Q
stage where membrane is permeable to sodium ions
A
depolarization stage
12
Q
when do Na+ channels begin to close
A
repolarization stage
13
Q
when do K+ channels open wider
A
repolarization stage
14
Q
how does the cell re-establish normal negative resting memb pot.
A
rapid diffusion of K+ to exterior
15
Q
what does the activation voltage gated sodium channel do
A
outside of channel
at -70 to -50mV opens all the way to let na+ in
16
Q
what do inactivation voltage gated sodium channel do
A
closes more slowly
does not re-open until MP at RMP
17
Q
neuron that sends the signal
A
presynaptic neuron
18
Q
neuron receiving signal
A
postsynaptic neuron
19
Q
postsynaptic neuron structure
A
small diameter, unmyelinated
20
Q
most synapses, axon to dendrite
A
axodendritic
21
Q
axon to soma
A
axosomatic
22
Q
axon to axon
A
axoaxonic
23
Q
connexons connecting cytosol of two cells
A
gap junction
24
Q
gap junction locations
A
visceral, smooth and cardiac muscle, embryo and CNS
25
chemical synapses are
close together but membrane doesnt touch
26
synaptic clefts need
NT, because of seperation
27
synaptic delay time
.5 m/s
28
one way transmission
only synaptic end bulbs of presynaptic neurons release nt
29
excitatory transmitters
norepi/epi, glutamate, nitric oxide
30
norepi in
brain stem, hypothalamus, etc.
31
glutamate in
CNS, cerebral cortex
32
nitric oxide in
brain (quickly diffuses)
33
inhibitory transmitters
ach, dopamine, glycine, gaba, serotonin
34
ach in
motor cortex
35
dopamine in
substantia nigra
36
glycine in
spinal cord
37
gaba in
spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia
38
serotonin in
brain stem
39
summation is where
1k-10k synapses are received in the cns
40
spatial summations is
build up of nt's by several presynaptic bulbs
41
temporal summation is
nt released by a single presynaptic blub firing 2x or more
42
what are pain receptors called
nociceptors
43
nociceptor are what and senses what
free nerve endings, pain, tickle, itch and temp
44
location where nociceptors are greatest
tip of tongue, lips, genitals, finger tips
45
location where nociceptors are least found
upper arm, buttock, trunk
46
aka for pain
algesia
47
what nt for pain
substance p
48
what are the mechanoreceptors
end bulbs of krause
| ruffini corpuscles
49
krause are what and senses what
encapsulated
| pressure
50
ruffini are what and senses what
encapsulated and multibranched
| temperature perception and pressure
51
touch receptors
merkels discs
meissners corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
52
merkels sense what
general touch (ant. spino.)
53
what are grouped together called iggo dome receptors
hair follicles
54
meissners are what and sense what
```
encapsulated located on non hairy skin
fine touch (dorsal columns)
```
55
pacinian are what and sense what
encapsulated
| pressure and vibration
56
which touch receptor is a phasic receptor and quick adapter
pacinian
57
what is the primary sensory for muscle length called
nuclear bag
58
proprioception receptors
muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, golgi tendon reflex
59
muscle spindles sense
stretch (dynamic and static only in skeletal muscle)
60
golgi tendon organs sense
load or weight
61
golgi tendon reflex helps
prevent excessive tension in a musce
62
exitation of golgi tendon relflex
relaxes extrafusal fibers
63
which part of the ans vasoconstricts blood vessels and skin
sympathetic
64
which part of the ans has little to no effect on the blood vessels and skin
parasympathetic
65
which part of the ans affects the muscles
parasympathetic
| smooth muscles
66
which ans decreases heart rate
parasympathetic
67
which ans increases heart rate
sympathetic
68
what does the sympathetic ns affect in the lungs and bronchi
deep breaths, dilates bronchi
69
what does parasymp. ns affect in lungs and bronchi
shallow breath, constricts bronchi
70
sympathetic ns causes eyes to
dilate
71
parasymp. ns causes eyes to
constrict
72
sympathetic effect on gi and peristalsis
decrease secretion and decrease digestion
73
parasymp. ns effect on gi, peristalsis and colon
increase secretions, increase bowel movement, increase colon activity
74
sympathetic ns receptors
adrenergic
75
parasymp. ns receptors
cholinergic
76
sympathetic preganglionic nt
ach
77
sympathetic post ganglionic nt
epi/norepi
78
parasymp preganglionic and posganglionic nt
ach
79
depolarization is due to
influx of sodium
80
repolarization is due to
efflux of potassium
81
when is it not possible to have an ap
absolute refractory period
82
when could there be an ap possible do to increase of potential
relative refractory
83
single cell with many synapses
spatial summation
84
rapid succession of ap with few synapses
temporal summation
85
what cells release glycine
renshaw cells
86
strychnine affects which nt and how
glycine, blocks receptors
87
strychnine causes what
massive tetanic contractions where diaphragm cannot relax
88
cerebral sensory areas
somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, wernickes
89
somatosensory brain location
postcentral gyrus (parietal lobe)
90
visual sensory brain location
occipital lobe, striate cortex, calcarine fissure
91
auditory sensory brain location
superior temporal lobe, heschls gyrus
92
gustatory brain location
base of postcentral gyrus
93
olfactory brain location
medial temporal lobe
94
wernickes brain location
superior temporal lobe
95
what portion of the brain is the receptive portion of language
wernickes
96
what portion of the brain is the expressive portion of language
brocas
97
cerebral motor areas
motor, premotor, brocas
98
motor brain location
precentral gyrus
99
premotor brain location
anterior to motor cortex
100
premotor function
skilled movements
101
brocas brain location
inferior posterior frontal lobe
102
cerebellum is for
coordination of muscle contractions
103
cerebellum lesions lead to
staccato or slurred speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus
104
thalamus function
main relay between cortex and spinal cord
| crude sensation
105
hypothalamus function
control ans and endocrine
106
what controls body temperature (median eminence) food intake and thirst
hypothalamus
107
what controls functions in rage and aggression
hypothalamus
108
what helps maintain waking state and sleep
hypothalamus
109
hypothalamus releases which nt
somatostatin
110
somatostatin causes
decrease secretion of insulin and glucagon
111
what is the lymbic system
emotional aspects of behavior related to survival
112
what does the lymbic system consist of
formix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus and parts of thalamus
113
what part of the midbrain cordinates eyeball movement in response to visual stimuli
superior colliculi
114
what part of the midbrain coordinates the head and trunk due to auditory stimuli
inferior colliculi
115
which cn's are associated with eyeball and auditory stimuli
cn3, cn4
116
pons function
pneumotaxic and apneustic
117
which cn's are pneumotaxic and apneustic
5, 6, 7, 8
118
reticular formation is where
medulla
119
reticular formation associated with
diencephalon, pons, midbrain
120
which nuclei helps maintain eq
vestibular nuclei
121
reticular formation functions
in consciousness and arousal
122
vital reflex centers regulate what
heartbeat, breathing and blood vessel diameter
123
what coordinates swallowing, vomitting, coughing, sneezing and hiccuping
reticular formation
124
which cn's originate in the medulla
8, 9, 10, 11, 12
125
dark spots due to aging and product oxidation
lipofuscin
