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Boards pt1 > Chemistry key word associations > Flashcards

Chemistry key word associations Flashcards

1
Q

process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons

A

oxidation

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2
Q

Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons

A

reduction

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3
Q

replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group [-COOH]

A

carboxylation

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4
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group

A

carboxylase

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5
Q

removal of the carboxyl group [-COOH]

A

decarboxylation

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6
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds

A

decarboxylase

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7
Q

reacion that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base

A

hyrdolysis

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8
Q

enzyme that causes hydrolysis

A

hydrolase

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9
Q

movement of a phosphate [PO4] from one molecule to another

A

phosphorylation

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10
Q

an enzyme that removes a phosphate to an organic compound

A

phosphatase

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11
Q

an enzyme that adds a phosphate to an organic compound

A

kinase

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12
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another

A

transferase

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13
Q

substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

A

enzyme

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14
Q

inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached

A

pro-enzyme

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15
Q

max velocity of a reaction

A

Vmax

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16
Q

amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the vmax

A

Kmax

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17
Q

substance which slows down rate of an enzyme reaction

A

inhibitor

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18
Q

competition and allosterism

A

enzymatic regulation

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19
Q

actively competes with substrate for active site

A

competition

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20
Q

chemical bond between two amino acids

A

peptide bond

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21
Q

chemical bond between the bases found in DNA

A

hydrogen bond

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22
Q

chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids

A

ester bond

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23
Q

chemical bond between two sugars

A

glycosidic bond

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24
Q

chemical bond between nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

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25
Q

constituents of starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

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26
Q

long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4-a 1,4 link

A

amylose

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27
Q

fewer branches of glucose with a-1,4 and 1,6 linked branches

A

amylopectin

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28
Q

comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit

A

sucrose

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29
Q

contains galactose linked to glucose; found in milk b-1,4 link

A

lactose

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30
Q

form in which excess glucose is stored in skeletal muscle

A

glycogen

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31
Q

aldopentose [5 carbon] sugar

A

ribose

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32
Q

ketohexose [6 carbon] sugar

A

fructose

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33
Q

crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes

A

rate limiting step

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34
Q

the most important control point-rate limiting step in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase

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35
Q

number of pyruvate produced from one glucose in glycolysis

A

2

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36
Q

number of ATP produced from breakdown of on glucose

A

4 ATP

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37
Q

number of NADH produced from the breakdown of one glucose

A

2 NADH

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38
Q

net ATP gain from one glucose break down

A

2 ATP

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39
Q

main fate of pyruvate

A

converted to acetyl CoA

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40
Q

alternate fates of pyruvate

A

lactate and alanine

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41
Q

process of creating new glucose from the end-products of glycolysis

A

gluconeogenesis

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42
Q

irreversible steps in glycolysis that arm replaced in gluconeogenesis

A

steps 1, 3 and 10

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43
Q

location of gluconeogenesis

A

mitochondria and cytoplasm

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44
Q

lactate is converted to pyruvate which is converted to glucose

A

sequence of events

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45
Q

causes pyruvate to build up’ results in excess lactic acid production

A

biotin deficiency

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46
Q

rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

F1, 6 biphosphatase

47
Q

hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

insulin

48
Q

location of krebs cycle

A

mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

destination of nrg from krebs cycle

A

electron transport chain

50
Q

number of ATP generated from 1 NADH

A

3 ATP

51
Q

number of ATP generated from 1 FADH2

A

2 ATP

52
Q

total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose

A

38 ATP

53
Q

alternate fuel types of the krebs cycle

A

proteins and fat

54
Q

succinyl CoA, oxaloacetate, fumarate and a-ketoglutarate

A

sites where proteins enter

55
Q

a-ketoglutarate and succinyl CoA

A

sites where fats enter

56
Q

location of ETC

A

inner mitochondrial matrix

57
Q

role of ETC

A

transfer electrons to O2

58
Q

compound which has both reduce and oxidized form of a molecule

A

redox pair

59
Q

NAD [oxidized] and NADH [reduced]

A

redox pair example

60
Q

drop off point for NADH

A

complex I

61
Q

drop off point for FADH2

A

complex II

62
Q

alternate name for CoQ10

A

ubiquinone

63
Q

heme containing compounds that receive electrons form CoQH2

A

cytochromes

64
Q

other metal which is important to the ETC

A

copper

65
Q

purpose of the cori cycle

A

prevent lactic acidosis

66
Q

purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt

A

produce NADPH, ribose

67
Q

location of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

cytosol

68
Q

rate limiting enzyme

A

G6P dehydrogenase

69
Q

site of glycogen metabolism

A

cytosol

70
Q

RATE LIMITING enzyme; used to lengthen the glycogen chain

A

glycogen synthase

71
Q

chemical bonds between glucose molecules; mainly 1-4 links

A

glycosidic bond

72
Q

rate limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis activated by ATP

A

glycogen phosphorylase

73
Q

sites for glycogenolysis

A

heart, liver and muscle

74
Q

name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P

A

phosphoglucomutase

75
Q

group consisting of carbon with oxygen and a hydroxyl attached

A

carboxyl group

76
Q

one with no double bond between the carbon atoms [C-C]

A

saturated fatty acid

77
Q

one with one or more double bonds between the carbon atims

A

unsaturated fatty acid

78
Q

linoeleic acid [veg oil omega 6] and linolenic acid [fish oil omega 3]

A

essential fatty acids

79
Q

location of lypolysis

A

mitochondria

80
Q

site of lipogenesis

A

cytosol

81
Q

rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins

A

HG CoA reductase

82
Q

starting point for steroid hormone synthesis

A

cholesterol

83
Q

Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Lle, Met, His, Leu and Lys

A

essential amino acids

84
Q

Pro, Try, Gly, Ala, Glu, Asp, Gin, Arg, Ser and Cys

A

non-essential amino acids

85
Q

removal of the amine NH2 group

A

deamination

86
Q

Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle

A

glutamate and alanine

87
Q

location of the urea cycle

A

mitochondrion then cytosol

88
Q

rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle

A

carbomoyl PO4 synthase

89
Q

purine or pyrimidine base plus sugar

A

nucleoside

90
Q

purine or pyrimidine base plus sugar and phosphate

A

nucleotide

91
Q

adenine and guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides

A

purine bases

92
Q

cytosine, uracil and thymine

A

pyrimidine bases

93
Q

adenine and guanine; cytosine and guanine; adenine and uracil

A

base pairs

94
Q

converts xanthine into uric acid

A

xanthine oxidase

95
Q

process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA

A

transcription

96
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

D, A, K and E

97
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

98
Q

anti-oxidants

A

A, C, E and selenium

99
Q

used to make rhodopsin, helps with diff of epithelial tissue

A

A

100
Q

used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors

A

K

101
Q

powerful antioxidant which mops free radicals; lipid antioxidant

A

E

102
Q

cofactor in pyruvate kinase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

B1 thiamine

103
Q

precursor for FMN and FAD in ETC and redox reactions

A

B2 riboflavin

104
Q

precursor for NAD and NADP in ETC

A

B3 niacin

105
Q

acyl carrier as part of coenzyme A; pantene proV

A

B5 pantothenic acid

106
Q

cofactor for several transaminase and decarboxylation reactions

A

B6 pyridoxin

107
Q

used in carboxylation reactions; deficiency causes lactic acidosis

A

B7 biotin

108
Q

used in transfer of 1-carbon units and make methionine and purines

A

B8 folic acid

109
Q

cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture

A

B12 cobalamin

110
Q

cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain

A

zinc

111
Q

necessary in the ETC and found in prunes

A

copper

112
Q

cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen

A

C

113
Q

forms complexes with ATP and found in nuts

A

magnesium

114
Q

helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters

A

chromium

Boards pt1 (28 decks)

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