Chemistry key word associations Flashcards
1
Q
process in which there is a loss of hydrogen electrons
A
oxidation
2
Q
Process in which there is a gain of hydrogen electrons
A
reduction
3
Q
replacement of hydrogen by a carboxyl group [-COOH]
A
carboxylation
4
Q
enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxyl group
A
carboxylase
5
Q
removal of the carboxyl group [-COOH]
A
decarboxylation
6
Q
enzyme that catalyzes the release of CO2 from compounds
A
decarboxylase
7
Q
reacion that combines H2O with a salt to produce acid and base
A
hyrdolysis
8
Q
enzyme that causes hydrolysis
A
hydrolase
9
Q
movement of a phosphate [PO4] from one molecule to another
A
phosphorylation
10
Q
an enzyme that removes a phosphate to an organic compound
A
phosphatase
11
Q
an enzyme that adds a phosphate to an organic compound
A
kinase
12
Q
enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of one group to another
A
transferase
13
Q
substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
A
enzyme
14
Q
inactive precursor protein with an additional peptide attached
A
pro-enzyme
15
Q
max velocity of a reaction
A
Vmax
16
Q
amount of substrate required to reach 1/2 of the vmax
A
Kmax
17
Q
substance which slows down rate of an enzyme reaction
A
inhibitor
18
Q
competition and allosterism
A
enzymatic regulation
19
Q
actively competes with substrate for active site
A
competition
20
Q
chemical bond between two amino acids
A
peptide bond
21
Q
chemical bond between the bases found in DNA
A
hydrogen bond
22
Q
chemical bond between glycerol and fatty acids
A
ester bond
23
Q
chemical bond between two sugars
A
glycosidic bond
24
Q
chemical bond between nucleotides
A
phosphodiester
25
constituents of starch
amylose and amylopectin
26
long, unbranched chains of glucose linked at C1 and C4-a 1,4 link
amylose
27
fewer branches of glucose with a-1,4 and 1,6 linked branches
amylopectin
28
comprised of glucose and fructose; found in table sugar and fruit
sucrose
29
contains galactose linked to glucose; found in milk b-1,4 link
lactose
30
form in which excess glucose is stored in skeletal muscle
glycogen
31
aldopentose [5 carbon] sugar
ribose
32
ketohexose [6 carbon] sugar
fructose
33
crucial step that controls how fast or slow the pathway goes
rate limiting step
34
the most important control point-rate limiting step in glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
35
number of pyruvate produced from one glucose in glycolysis
2
36
number of ATP produced from breakdown of on glucose
4 ATP
37
number of NADH produced from the breakdown of one glucose
2 NADH
38
net ATP gain from one glucose break down
2 ATP
39
main fate of pyruvate
converted to acetyl CoA
40
alternate fates of pyruvate
lactate and alanine
41
process of creating new glucose from the end-products of glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
42
irreversible steps in glycolysis that arm replaced in gluconeogenesis
steps 1, 3 and 10
43
location of gluconeogenesis
mitochondria and cytoplasm
44
lactate is converted to pyruvate which is converted to glucose
sequence of events
45
causes pyruvate to build up' results in excess lactic acid production
biotin deficiency
46
rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis
F1, 6 biphosphatase
47
hormone which inhibits gluconeogenesis
insulin
48
location of krebs cycle
mitochondrial matrix
49
destination of nrg from krebs cycle
electron transport chain
50
number of ATP generated from 1 NADH
3 ATP
51
number of ATP generated from 1 FADH2
2 ATP
52
total ATP generated by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose
38 ATP
53
alternate fuel types of the krebs cycle
proteins and fat
54
succinyl CoA, oxaloacetate, fumarate and a-ketoglutarate
sites where proteins enter
55
a-ketoglutarate and succinyl CoA
sites where fats enter
56
location of ETC
inner mitochondrial matrix
57
role of ETC
transfer electrons to O2
58
compound which has both reduce and oxidized form of a molecule
redox pair
59
NAD [oxidized] and NADH [reduced]
redox pair example
60
drop off point for NADH
complex I
61
drop off point for FADH2
complex II
62
alternate name for CoQ10
ubiquinone
63
heme containing compounds that receive electrons form CoQH2
cytochromes
64
other metal which is important to the ETC
copper
65
purpose of the cori cycle
prevent lactic acidosis
66
purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt
produce NADPH, ribose
67
location of the pentose phosphate pathway
cytosol
68
rate limiting enzyme
G6P dehydrogenase
69
site of glycogen metabolism
cytosol
70
RATE LIMITING enzyme; used to lengthen the glycogen chain
glycogen synthase
71
chemical bonds between glucose molecules; mainly 1-4 links
glycosidic bond
72
rate limiting enzyme in glycogenolysis activated by ATP
glycogen phosphorylase
73
sites for glycogenolysis
heart, liver and muscle
74
name of enzyme that changes G1P to G6P
phosphoglucomutase
75
group consisting of carbon with oxygen and a hydroxyl attached
carboxyl group
76
one with no double bond between the carbon atoms [C-C]
saturated fatty acid
77
one with one or more double bonds between the carbon atims
unsaturated fatty acid
78
linoeleic acid [veg oil omega 6] and linolenic acid [fish oil omega 3]
essential fatty acids
79
location of lypolysis
mitochondria
80
site of lipogenesis
cytosol
81
rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis and target for statins
HG CoA reductase
82
starting point for steroid hormone synthesis
cholesterol
83
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Lle, Met, His, Leu and Lys
essential amino acids
84
Pro, Try, Gly, Ala, Glu, Asp, Gin, Arg, Ser and Cys
non-essential amino acids
85
removal of the amine NH2 group
deamination
86
Source of nitrogen for the urea cycle
glutamate and alanine
87
location of the urea cycle
mitochondrion then cytosol
88
rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle
carbomoyl PO4 synthase
89
purine or pyrimidine base plus sugar
nucleoside
90
purine or pyrimidine base plus sugar and phosphate
nucleotide
91
adenine and guanine; used to make nucleosides and nucleotides
purine bases
92
cytosine, uracil and thymine
pyrimidine bases
93
adenine and guanine; cytosine and guanine; adenine and uracil
base pairs
94
converts xanthine into uric acid
xanthine oxidase
95
process by which RNA template for protein synthesis is made from DNA
transcription
96
fat soluble vitamins
D, A, K and E
97
water soluble vitamins
B and C
98
anti-oxidants
A, C, E and selenium
99
used to make rhodopsin, helps with diff of epithelial tissue
A
100
used in carboxylation of glutamate residue in making clotting factors
K
101
powerful antioxidant which mops free radicals; lipid antioxidant
E
102
cofactor in pyruvate kinase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
B1 thiamine
103
precursor for FMN and FAD in ETC and redox reactions
B2 riboflavin
104
precursor for NAD and NADP in ETC
B3 niacin
105
acyl carrier as part of coenzyme A; pantene proV
B5 pantothenic acid
106
cofactor for several transaminase and decarboxylation reactions
B6 pyridoxin
107
used in carboxylation reactions; deficiency causes lactic acidosis
B7 biotin
108
used in transfer of 1-carbon units and make methionine and purines
B8 folic acid
109
cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture
B12 cobalamin
110
cofactor of carbonic anhydrase found in seafood, meat and whole grain
zinc
111
necessary in the ETC and found in prunes
copper
112
cofactor in hydroxylation in the synthesis of collagen
C
113
forms complexes with ATP and found in nuts
magnesium
114
helps with glucose transport into cells and found in oysters
chromium
