Chemistry helper Flashcards
glucose pathways
glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
allosteric enzyme
glucose products
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 nadh
glucose stimulated by
amp, insulin
glucose inhibited by
citric acid, ketone bodies, free fatty acids, atp, cAMP(glucagon) and low ph
location of glycolysis
cytosol
what does pyruvate turn into in aerobic conditions
acetyl coa
what does pyruvate turn into in anaerobic conditions
lactate
what undergoes gluconeogenesis
non-carbs: lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids
product of gluconeogenesis
glucose
gluconeogenesis stimulated by
cortisol, epinephrine, norepi, atp, glucagon
glucose inhibited by
insulin, amp, adp, high blood glucose
location of gluconeogenesis
cytoplasm and mitochondria of liver
what aa cant gluconeogenesis use
leucine because it is ketogenic
what undegoes glycogenesis
udp-glucose
one pentose and one glucose
products from glycogenesis
glycogen
glycogenesis stimulated by
insulin
glycogenesis inhibited by
glucagon, epinephrine
location of glycogenesis
cytoplasm of liver and muscle
what undergoes glycogeneolysis
glycogen
what does glycogenolysis produce
glucose 1-phosphate
glycogenolysis stimulated by
cortisol, epi, nor epi, glucagon
glycogenolysis inhibited by
insulin
location of glycogenolysis
cytoplasm of liver and muscle
what undergoes lipogenesis
excess glucose
product of lipgenesis
fat
lipogenesis stimulated by
insulin, atp
lipogenesis inhibited by
epinephrine, glucagon
what pathways occur in the liver
lipogenesis, lipolysis, cholesterol synthesis
lipolysis uses what substrate
fat
lipolysis produces
ketone bodies
lipolysis is stimulated by
epinephrine, norepi, glucagon, gh, and caffeine
lipolysis inhibited by
insula, fatty acids
cholesterol synthesis uses
regulation hmg-coa reductase
cholesterol synthesis produces
cholesterol
cholesterol synthesis stimulated by
nadph (stimulates all lipids)
cholesterol synthesis inhibited by
presence of cholesterol
insulin has opposite effect of
epi and glucagon
when charge of aa or protein is 0 (zwitterion)
isoelectic point
what aa are wheat and rice missing
lysine
what aa are legumes missing
methionine
what aa are corn missing
lysine and tryptophan
what are enantiomers
mirror image
what are stereoisomers
atoms bonded in the same order, but differ in precise orientation
what are epimers
sugar differing in configuration at a single asymmetric center
what names do bile salts end in
cholic acid or cholate
too much uric acid is called
gout