Amino acids + proteins

Question 1

amino acids are all in L-form except

Answer 1

glycine

Question 2

amphoteric

Answer 2

acid or basic

Question 3

essential amino acids

Answer 3

phenylalanine
valine
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine (arginine)
leucine (maple syrup disease)
lysine

Question 4

semi-essential

Answer 4

histadine

arginine

Question 5

aromatic ring

Answer 5

aka benzine ring
phenylalanine
tryptophan
TYROSINE

Question 6

basic (positive charge at nuetral ph)

Answer 6

histidine
arginine
lysine

Question 7

neutral

Answer 7

serine
threonine
asparagine
glutamine

Question 8

sulfur containing

Answer 8

methionine

cysteine

Question 9

not glucogenic

Answer 9

leucerine

lysine

Question 10

branch chain

Answer 10

leucine
isoleucine
valine

Question 11

acidic

Answer 11

glutamate

aspartate

Question 12

aliphatic chain

from less hydrophilic to more hydrophilic

Answer 12

glycine
alanine
valine
leucine
isoleucine

Question 13

serotonin is precursor to

Answer 13

tryptophan

Question 14

GABA is precursor to

Answer 14

glutamate

Question 15

histamine is precursor to

Answer 15

histidine

Question 16

creatine is precursor to

Answer 16

glycine and arginine

Question 17

NAD is precursor to

Answer 17

tryptophan

Question 18

what are amino acid food sources

Answer 18

meats, fish, eggs, dairy, peanut butter, grains

Question 19

digestion of amino acids

1. mouth
2. stomach
3. small intestine

Answer 19

1. none, ptyalin
2. pepsin, HCLM renin(infcancy and childhood only)
3. trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, amino peptidase, dipeptidase

Question 20

what are the isoflavones in soy

Answer 20

genistein, daidzein, glycitein

Question 21

what do legumes lack

Answer 21

methionine

Question 22

which amino acids lack in grains

Answer 22

lysine, threonine and tryptophan

Question 23

pathway of phenylalanine to epi

Answer 23

phenylalanine –> tyrosine –> l-dopa (also turns into melanin) –> dopamine –> nor epi –> epi

Question 24

aa metabolims route

Answer 24

trasamination then oxidative deamination

Question 25

where does removed ammonia go

Answer 25

carried to urea cycle by glutamate

Question 26

what are the left over carbon skeletons of aa

Answer 26

1. glucogenic (form pyruvate or oxaloacetate to make glucose) 2. ketogenic (form acetyl coa or acetoacetyl coa to make ketones)

Question 27

what makes glucose

Answer 27

pyruvate or oxoloacetate

Question 28

what makes ketones

Answer 28

acetyl coa or acetoacetyl coa

Question 29

what is the conversion of alanine

Answer 29

pyruvate (vice versa)

Question 30

what is the conversion of glutamine

Answer 30

glutamate (vice versa) a ketoglutarate

Question 31

what is the conversion of aspargine

Answer 31

aspartate

Question 32

what is the conversion of serine

Answer 32

pyruvate(vice versa)

Question 33

what are oxidized to make uric acid

Answer 33

purines

Question 34

what are the 3 aa that donate nitrogen for purines and pyrimidines

Answer 34

glutamate, aspartate, asparagine

Question 35

what are the 6 aa that muscle is able to oxidize

Answer 35

glutamate, aspartate, leucine, valine, isoleucine, asparagine

Question 36

aka for glucose alanine cycle

Answer 36

lactic acid cycle | cori cycle

Question 37

what does the muscle make during exercise

Answer 37

ammonia from amino acids | lactate from glucose

Question 38

what makes alanine

Answer 38

ammonia and lactte

Question 39

what does the liver do in the glucose alanine cycle

Answer 39

converts alanine back into lactate and ammonia

Question 40

what happens to ammonia and lactate in the glucose alanine cycle

Answer 40

ammonia --> urea | lactate --> glucose

Question 41

what process is it called when lactate becomes glucose

Answer 41

gluconeogenisis

Question 42

what is the last process of the glucose alanine cycle

Answer 42

glucose returns to the muscle via blood

Question 43

what is the function of the urea cycle

Answer 43

rids body of toxic ammonia

Question 44

what is the enzyme in the urea cycle

Answer 44

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Question 45

what does carbamoyl phosphate synthetase produce

Answer 45

carbamoyl phosphate

Question 46

what is the rate limiting enzyme in the urea cycle

Answer 46

carbamoyl phosphate synthase

Question 47

what does carbamoyl phosphate synthetase require

Answer 47

ATP and Mg

Question 48

what are the important intermediates in the urea cycle

Answer 48

fumarate, arginine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamate, aspartate

Question 49

what are the bonds between aa

Answer 49

peptide bond

Question 50

what does glucagon turn into

Answer 50

peptide hormone

Question 51

primary structure of proteins

Answer 51

number and sequence of amino acids; determines proteins structure

Question 52

secondary structure of proteins

Answer 52

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Question 53

aka for beta pleated sheet

Answer 53

beta bend

Question 54

tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 54

max fold for function

Question 55

quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 55

more than one chain | best ex. hemoglobin which has four chains