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Boards pt1 > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoderm

A

gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells

  1. notochord
  2. ectoderm
  3. neural plate
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2
Q

notochord

A

induce ectoderm to form neuroectoderm

remnant IVD as nucleus pulposus

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3
Q

ectoderm

A

forms neural plate

“neuroectorderm”

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4
Q

neural plate

A

forms neural groove: houses spinal cord and brain vesicles

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5
Q

sclerotome

A

vertebra develop

part of somites - mesoderm

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6
Q

neural crest

A
  1. branchial arches
  2. PNS
  3. Schwann cells, pia and arachnoid meninges
  4. sacral parasymptathetics
  5. spinal (sensory) & autonomic ganglia
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7
Q

neural crest pt.2

A
  1. mesenphaic nucleus of V
  2. melanocytes
  3. bones and connective tissue of head
  4. dorsal root ganglia
  5. ganglia of CN 5, 7, 9, 10
  6. adrenal gland medulla (suprarenals)
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8
Q

neural plate (brain cells) develop into:

A
  1. Macroglial cells (Oligodendrocites + Astrocytes)
  2. neurons CNS
  3. ependymal cells
  4. retinal cells
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9
Q

Endoderm epi

A

forms lining of digestive tube and its associated structures, division foregut/midgut: liver and pancreatic buds

Primitive gut

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10
Q

Primitive gut:

Foregut (cover mouth)

A

glands, buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches + pharynx

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11
Q

Primitive gut:

midgut

A

duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon

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12
Q

Primitive gut:

hindgut

A

part transverse, sigmoid + descending colon, rectum + upper anal canal

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13
Q

Primitive gut:

allantois (pee pee)

A

urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate, + urethra glands

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14
Q

forament ovale

A

fossa ovalis (btw interarterial sceptum)

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15
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

bypasses lung, pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

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16
Q

ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver

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17
Q

umbilical vein

A

ligamentum teres

round ligmament

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18
Q

umbilical arteries

A

*medial umbilical ligaments

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19
Q

urachus

A

remnant of duct of allantois

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20
Q

simple squamous epi

A

filtration or diffusion

capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli

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21
Q

ciliated epi

A

circulate, move, sweep/clean

brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs

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22
Q

ciliated pseudostratified epi

A

lining

trachea, upper respiratory tract

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23
Q

non-ciliated pseudostratified epi

A

membrane

vas deferens

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24
Q

brachial arches

A

aka pharyngeal arch

  1. mandibular branch of V (V3)
  2. facial
  3. glossopharyngeal
  4. superior laryngeal of vagus
  5. inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch)
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25
Q
  1. mandibular branch of V (V3) skeletal structures
A

malleus (meckel’s cartilage)

incus (quadrate cartilage)

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26
Q
  1. mandibular branch of V (V3) muscles
A

muscles of mastication and jaw closing muscles

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27
Q
  1. facial skeletal structures
A

stapes

styoid

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28
Q
  1. facial muscles
A

muscles of facial expression and jaw opening muscles

stylohyoid and stapedius

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29
Q
  1. glossopharyngeal skeletal structures
A

cornu

hyoid

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30
Q
  1. glossopharyngeal muscles
A

stylopharyngeus

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31
Q
  1. superior laryngeal of vagus skeletal structures
A

thyroid cartilage

cricoid cartilage

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32
Q
  1. superior laryngeal of vagus muscles
A

pharyngeal, cricothyroid, levator palatine

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33
Q
  1. inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch) skelatal structures
A

arytenoid
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage

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34
Q
  1. inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch) muscles
A

laryngeal

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35
Q

C1 dermatome

A

none

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36
Q

C2 dermatome

A

back of scalp

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37
Q

C3 dermatome

A

nape of neck

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38
Q

C4 dermatome

A

shoulder

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39
Q

C5 dermatome

A

lateral surface of arm

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40
Q

C6 dermatome

A

lateral forearm + thumb + index

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41
Q

C7 dermatome

A

middle digit

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42
Q

C8 dermatome

A

ring + pinky + medial surface forearm

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43
Q

T1 dermatome

A

medial elbow

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44
Q

T2 dermatome

A

axilla

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45
Q

T3 dermatome

A

just above the nipple

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46
Q

T4 dermatome

A

nipple

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47
Q

T5 dermatome

A

just below the nipple

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48
Q

T6 dermatome

A

just above the xiphoid

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49
Q

T7 dermatome

A

xiphoid

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50
Q

T8 dermatome

A

just below xiphoid

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51
Q

T9 dermatome

A

just above umbilicus

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52
Q

T10 dermatome

A

umbilicus

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53
Q

T11 dermatome

A

just below umbilicus

54
Q

T12 dermatome

A

just above inguinal ligament

55
Q

L1 dermatome

A

inguinal ligament + upper thigh

56
Q

L2 dermatome

A

mid thigh

57
Q

L3 dermatome

A

knee

58
Q

L4 dermatome

A

medial knee to floor

59
Q

L5 dermatome

A

lateral side leg to top of foot

60
Q

S1 dermatome

A

bottom of foot, lateral surface of foot, lateral ankle, posterior calf

61
Q

S2 dermatome

A

posterior thigh, outer circumference of anus

62
Q

S3 dermatome

A

middle circumference of anus

63
Q

S4 dermatome

A

around pari-anal region

64
Q

S5 dermatome

A

anus not tested

65
Q

glioblasts

A

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

66
Q

astrocyte

A

most # cell of CNS

acts like CT

67
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

forms myelin around CNS

68
Q

ependymal

A

makes leaky barrier between CSF and CNS

69
Q

microglia

A

aka gitterzellen

macrophage

70
Q

neuroblast

A

makes neurons

71
Q

internuncial

A

neurons w/ CNS “connectors”

72
Q

commissural

A

between 2 hemispheres

73
Q

association

A

different parts same hemisphere

74
Q

projection

A

lower centers to cerebral cortex

75
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
most common neurons
MULTIPOLAR

76
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

77
Q

macroglia

A

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes: myelin

78
Q

primary vesicles of brain

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

79
Q

secondary vesicles of brain

A

telencephalon + diencephalon (prosencephalon)
mesencephalon (mesencephalon)
metencephalon + myelencephalon (rhomencephalon)

80
Q

telencephalon structures + cranial nerve

A

forebrain (higher fx)

CN1

81
Q

diencephalon structures + cranial nerve

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, retina, mamillary body, posterior pituitary
CN2

82
Q

mesencephalon structures + cranial nerve

A

midbrian

CN3, CN4

83
Q

metencephalon structures + cranial nerve

A

PONS, cerebellum

CN5, 6, 7, 8

84
Q

myelencephalon structures + cranial nerve

A

medulla oblongata

CN9, 10, 11, 12

85
Q

telencephalon neural canal region

A

lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum

86
Q

diencephalon neural canal region

A

foramen of monroe (interventric foramen) = 1&2 to 3rd ventricle

87
Q

mesencephalon neural canal region

A

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

88
Q

metencephalon + myelencephalon neural canal region

A

4th ventricle

89
Q

brain vascular supply

A

comes from carotid and basilar artery

90
Q

circle of willis

A

arterial anastomosis

  1. blood supply communication between forebrain and hindbrain
  2. around pituitary gland and optic chiasm
  3. internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply
  4. ant + post cerebral, ant + post communicating make circle
91
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

most common area for “cerebral vascular accident” (stroke)

92
Q

anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk

A

aka anterior spinal artery

200 branches into ventral aspect of cord

93
Q

posterolateral longitudinal artery trunk

A

aka posterior spinal artery

provide blood to post roots of spinal cord

94
Q

cerebral cortex

A

aka pallium

develop from neural plate

95
Q

neocortex

A

aka isocortex (90% of cortex*)

96
Q

allocortex

A

10% of cortex

97
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus
relay for cortex: sensory info, sleep, consciousness
motor relay

98
Q

basal ganglia

A

steadying voluntary movements, enkaphalins (reduce substance P)

corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus and claustrum

99
Q

basal ganglia striated lesions

A

tremors: parkinsons, huntingtons, ballism

100
Q

CSF

A

140-270ml in adult

in ventricles: ~25ml

101
Q

Meninges

A

pia, arachnoid, duramater

102
Q

epidural

A

filled with fat and veins

103
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia

104
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

105
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

resorbs CSF

106
Q

Spinal cord

A

31 pairs
terminates @ L1/L2
conus medullaris: end

107
Q

bell-magendi law

A

dorsal roots: afferent fibers (sensory)

ventral roots: efferent fibers (motor)

108
Q

cuada equina

A

“horse tail”

roots for lumbar, sacral + coccygeal nerves thrugh lumbar cistern forming tail

109
Q

midbrain

A

tectum (roof) + peduncles

110
Q

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

A

CSF exchange between 3rd + 4th ventricles

111
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

tegmentum, substantia nigra, crus cerebri, CN3 + 4

112
Q

substantia nigra

A

black color:

dopamine from tyrosine, melanin is by-product (causes dark color)

113
Q

crus cerebri

A

part of cerebral peduncle

corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar, corticomesencephalic fibers (eye mvnt)

114
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination

115
Q

cerebellum vermis

A

medial

116
Q

cerebellum paleocerebellar

A

anterior, general muscle tone

117
Q

cerebellum neocerebellar

A

posterior

coordination of skilled movements

118
Q

cerebellum archicerebellar

A

(flocconodular)

equilibrium

119
Q

cerebellum white mater

A

aka corpus medullare

afferent, efferent, commissural and association fibers

120
Q

cerebellum gray matter neuron cell types

A

purkinje (most common cell)

gogli II, stellate, basket, granular

121
Q

cerebellum blood supply

A

branches of vertebral and basial arteries

122
Q 
cerebellum nuclei
flowers
grow
every
day
A

fastigial
globus
emboliform
dentate

123
Q

deiters
meynerts
raphe
lenticular

A

deiters: lateral vestibular
meynerts: forebrain has ACH
raphe: medulla oblongata, serotonin
lenticular: part of corpus straitum

124
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary sensory cortex

125
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

126
Q

posterior horn

A

sensory

127
Q

anterior horn

A

motor

128
Q

lateral horn

A

sympathetics - thoracics

129
Q

UMNL systemic

A 
brain --> ant. horn cell
increase response to:
1. path reflex (babinski)
2. muscle tone
3. spasticity
4. hypertrophy
5. clonus
6. DTR
decrease response to 
7. superficial reflexes (BILATERAL)
130
Q

LMNL localized

A

ant. horn cell –> brain
1. no path relfex
2. decrease muscle tone
3. flaccidity
4. atrophy
5. fasiculations
6. decrease DTR
7. superficial relfexes (UNILATERAL)

131
Q

Descending tracts (motor)

A 
corticospinal (pyramidal): lateral + anterior
reticulospinal (pontine + medullary)
tectospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal

Boards pt1 (28 decks)

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