Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Ectoderm
A
gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells
- notochord
- ectoderm
- neural plate
2
Q
notochord
A
induce ectoderm to form neuroectoderm
remnant IVD as nucleus pulposus
3
Q
ectoderm
A
forms neural plate
“neuroectorderm”
4
Q
neural plate
A
forms neural groove: houses spinal cord and brain vesicles
5
Q
sclerotome
A
vertebra develop
part of somites - mesoderm
6
Q
neural crest
A
- branchial arches
- PNS
- Schwann cells, pia and arachnoid meninges
- sacral parasymptathetics
- spinal (sensory) & autonomic ganglia
7
Q
neural crest pt.2
A
- mesenphaic nucleus of V
- melanocytes
- bones and connective tissue of head
- dorsal root ganglia
- ganglia of CN 5, 7, 9, 10
- adrenal gland medulla (suprarenals)
8
Q
neural plate (brain cells) develop into:
A
- Macroglial cells (Oligodendrocites + Astrocytes)
- neurons CNS
- ependymal cells
- retinal cells
9
Q
Endoderm epi
A
forms lining of digestive tube and its associated structures, division foregut/midgut: liver and pancreatic buds
Primitive gut
10
Q
Primitive gut:
Foregut (cover mouth)
A
glands, buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches + pharynx
11
Q
Primitive gut:
midgut
A
duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon
12
Q
Primitive gut:
hindgut
A
part transverse, sigmoid + descending colon, rectum + upper anal canal
13
Q
Primitive gut:
allantois (pee pee)
A
urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate, + urethra glands
14
Q
forament ovale
A
fossa ovalis (btw interarterial sceptum)
15
Q
ductus arteriosus
A
ligamentum arteriosum
bypasses lung, pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta
16
Q
ductus venosus
A
ligamentum venosum
bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver
17
Q
umbilical vein
A
ligamentum teres
round ligmament
18
Q
umbilical arteries
A
*medial umbilical ligaments
19
Q
urachus
A
remnant of duct of allantois
20
Q
simple squamous epi
A
filtration or diffusion
capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli
21
Q
ciliated epi
A
circulate, move, sweep/clean
brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs
22
Q
ciliated pseudostratified epi
A
lining
trachea, upper respiratory tract
23
Q
non-ciliated pseudostratified epi
A
membrane
vas deferens
24
Q
brachial arches
A
aka pharyngeal arch
- mandibular branch of V (V3)
- facial
- glossopharyngeal
- superior laryngeal of vagus
- inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch)
25
1. mandibular branch of V (V3) skeletal structures
malleus (meckel's cartilage)
| incus (quadrate cartilage)
26
1. mandibular branch of V (V3) muscles
muscles of mastication and jaw closing muscles
27
2. facial skeletal structures
stapes
| styoid
28
2. facial muscles
muscles of facial expression and jaw opening muscles
| stylohyoid and stapedius
29
3. glossopharyngeal skeletal structures
cornu
| hyoid
30
3. glossopharyngeal muscles
stylopharyngeus
31
4. superior laryngeal of vagus skeletal structures
thyroid cartilage
| cricoid cartilage
32
4. superior laryngeal of vagus muscles
pharyngeal, cricothyroid, levator palatine
33
6. inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch) skelatal structures
arytenoid
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage
34
6. inferior laryngeal of vagus (recurrent branch) muscles
laryngeal
35
C1 dermatome
none
36
C2 dermatome
back of scalp
37
C3 dermatome
nape of neck
38
C4 dermatome
shoulder
39
C5 dermatome
lateral surface of arm
40
C6 dermatome
lateral forearm + thumb + index
41
C7 dermatome
middle digit
42
C8 dermatome
ring + pinky + medial surface forearm
43
T1 dermatome
medial elbow
44
T2 dermatome
axilla
45
T3 dermatome
just above the nipple
46
T4 dermatome
nipple
47
T5 dermatome
just below the nipple
48
T6 dermatome
just above the xiphoid
49
T7 dermatome
xiphoid
50
T8 dermatome
just below xiphoid
51
T9 dermatome
just above umbilicus
52
T10 dermatome
umbilicus
53
T11 dermatome
just below umbilicus
54
T12 dermatome
just above inguinal ligament
55
L1 dermatome
inguinal ligament + upper thigh
56
L2 dermatome
mid thigh
57
L3 dermatome
knee
58
L4 dermatome
medial knee to floor
59
L5 dermatome
lateral side leg to top of foot
60
S1 dermatome
bottom of foot, lateral surface of foot, lateral ankle, posterior calf
61
S2 dermatome
posterior thigh, outer circumference of anus
62
S3 dermatome
middle circumference of anus
63
S4 dermatome
around pari-anal region
64
S5 dermatome
anus not tested
65
glioblasts
astrocytes
| oligodendrocytes
66
astrocyte
most # cell of CNS
| acts like CT
67
oligodendrocyte
forms myelin around CNS
68
ependymal
makes leaky barrier between CSF and CNS
69
microglia
aka gitterzellen
| macrophage
70
neuroblast
makes neurons
71
internuncial
neurons w/ CNS "connectors"
72
commissural
between 2 hemispheres
73
association
different parts same hemisphere
74
projection
lower centers to cerebral cortex
75
CNS
brain and spinal cord
most common neurons
MULTIPOLAR
76
white matter
myelinated axons
77
macroglia
astrocytes
| oligodendrocytes: myelin
78
primary vesicles of brain
prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
79
secondary vesicles of brain
telencephalon + diencephalon (prosencephalon)
mesencephalon (mesencephalon)
metencephalon + myelencephalon (rhomencephalon)
80
telencephalon structures + cranial nerve
forebrain (higher fx)
| CN1
81
diencephalon structures + cranial nerve
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, retina, mamillary body, posterior pituitary
CN2
82
mesencephalon structures + cranial nerve
midbrian
| CN3, CN4
83
metencephalon structures + cranial nerve
PONS, cerebellum
| CN5, 6, 7, 8
84
myelencephalon structures + cranial nerve
medulla oblongata
| CN9, 10, 11, 12
85
telencephalon neural canal region
lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum
86
diencephalon neural canal region
foramen of monroe (interventric foramen) = 1&2 to 3rd ventricle
87
mesencephalon neural canal region
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
88
metencephalon + myelencephalon neural canal region
4th ventricle
89
brain vascular supply
comes from carotid and basilar artery
90
circle of willis
arterial anastomosis
1. blood supply communication between forebrain and hindbrain
2. around pituitary gland and optic chiasm
3. internal carotid and vertebral arteries supply
4. ant + post cerebral, ant + post communicating make circle
91
middle cerebral artery
most common area for "cerebral vascular accident" (stroke)
92
anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk
aka anterior spinal artery
| 200 branches into ventral aspect of cord
93
posterolateral longitudinal artery trunk
aka posterior spinal artery
| provide blood to post roots of spinal cord
94
cerebral cortex
aka pallium
| develop from neural plate
95
neocortex
aka isocortex (90% of cortex*)
96
allocortex
10% of cortex
97
diencephalon
thalamus
relay for cortex: sensory info, sleep, consciousness
motor relay
98
basal ganglia
steadying voluntary movements, enkaphalins (reduce substance P)
corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus and claustrum
99
basal ganglia striated lesions
tremors: parkinsons, huntingtons, ballism
100
CSF
140-270ml in adult
in ventricles: ~25ml
101
Meninges
pia, arachnoid, duramater
102
epidural
filled with fat and veins
103
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia
104
choroid plexus
produces CSF
105
arachnoid granulations
resorbs CSF
106
Spinal cord
31 pairs
terminates @ L1/L2
conus medullaris: end
107
bell-magendi law
dorsal roots: afferent fibers (sensory)
| ventral roots: efferent fibers (motor)
108
cuada equina
"horse tail"
roots for lumbar, sacral + coccygeal nerves thrugh lumbar cistern forming tail
109
midbrain
tectum (roof) + peduncles
110
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
CSF exchange between 3rd + 4th ventricles
111
cerebral peduncles
tegmentum, substantia nigra, crus cerebri, CN3 + 4
112
substantia nigra
black color:
| dopamine from tyrosine, melanin is by-product (causes dark color)
113
crus cerebri
part of cerebral peduncle
| corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar, corticomesencephalic fibers (eye mvnt)
114
cerebellum
coordination
115
cerebellum vermis
medial
116
cerebellum paleocerebellar
anterior, general muscle tone
117
cerebellum neocerebellar
posterior
| coordination of skilled movements
118
cerebellum archicerebellar
(flocconodular)
| equilibrium
119
cerebellum white mater
aka corpus medullare
| afferent, efferent, commissural and association fibers
120
cerebellum gray matter neuron cell types
purkinje (most common cell)
| gogli II, stellate, basket, granular
121
cerebellum blood supply
branches of vertebral and basial arteries
122
```
cerebellum nuclei
flowers
grow
every
day
```
fastigial
globus
emboliform
dentate
123
deiters
meynerts
raphe
lenticular
deiters: lateral vestibular
meynerts: forebrain has ACH
raphe: medulla oblongata, serotonin
lenticular: part of corpus straitum
124
postcentral gyrus
primary sensory cortex
125
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
126
posterior horn
sensory
127
anterior horn
motor
128
lateral horn
sympathetics - thoracics
129
UMNL *systemic*
```
brain --> ant. horn cell
increase response to:
1. path reflex (babinski)
2. muscle tone
3. spasticity
4. hypertrophy
5. clonus
6. DTR
decrease response to
7. superficial reflexes (BILATERAL)
```
130
LMNL *localized*
ant. horn cell --> brain
1. no path relfex
2. decrease muscle tone
3. flaccidity
4. atrophy
5. fasiculations
6. decrease DTR
7. superficial relfexes (UNILATERAL)
131
Descending tracts (motor)
```
corticospinal (pyramidal): lateral + anterior
reticulospinal (pontine + medullary)
tectospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
```
