vision

Question 1

most of the exposed portion of the eye is covered by a thick structural layer known as the ________

Answer 1

sclera (white of the eye)

*claire is white

Question 2

____________ contains the actual photoreceptors that tranduce light into electrical information the brain can process

Answer 2

retina

*tina likes to process things (light into electrical signals)

Question 3

light passes first through the ____________

Answer 3

cornea

Question 4

_____________ gathers and focuses the incoming light

Answer 4

cornea

*corn is yellow, just like the incoming light that needs to be focused

Question 5

the front of the eye is divided into the ___________ (which lies in front of the iris) and the ___________ (which lies between the iris and the lens)

Answer 5

anterior chamber
posterior chamber

Question 6

____________ is the colored part of the ye

Answer 6

iris

*iris is a pretty colored flower

Question 7

what are the two muscle that make up the iris?

Answer 7

1. dilator pupillae
2. constrictor pupillae

Question 8

_______________ opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation, ____________ constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

Answer 8

sympathetic, opening = dilator

parasympathetic, closing = constrictor

Question 9

___________ is connective tissue that surrounds and privides nourishment to the retina

Answer 9

choroid

Question 10

____________ produces aqueous humor that bathes the front part of the eye before draining into the canal of schlemm

Answer 10

ciliary body

Question 11

___________ lies right behind the iris and helps control the refraction of the incoming light

Answer 11

lens

*your lenses refract light

Question 12

the ciliary body is under ____________ control

Answer 12

parasympathetic

Question 13

contraction of the ciliary muscle pulls on _____________ and chnages the shape of the lens to focus on an image as the distance varies

Answer 13

suspensory ligaments

Question 14

explain the duplicity theory of vision

Answer 14

the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors: one specialized for light and dark detection and those specialized for color detection

Question 15

___________ are used for color vision and to sense fine detail

Answer 15

cones

*think of the shape of a waffle cone, the end is super sharp and pointed (for fine details)
*Cones = Color

Question 16

T / F - cones are most effective in bright light

Answer 16

true

Question 17

three forms of cones?

Answer 17

short (blue)
medium (green)
long (red)

*cones are names for the wavelengths at which they have the highest light absorption

Question 18

___________ are more functional, is highly sensitive to photons, and can be stimulated by light of any color

Answer 18

rods

*only allow sensation for light or dark
*RODuced light

Question 19

T / F - cones are less useful for detectig fine details because they are spread over a much larger region of the retina

Answer 19

false, rods are less useful

Question 20

central section of the retina = ?

Answer 20

macula

Question 21

center region of the macula = ?

Answer 21

fovea

Question 22

asone moves further away from the fovea, the concentration of ____________ increases while the concentration of ____________ decreases

Answer 22

moving away from the fovea
fovea contains ONLY cones

cones = decrease
rods = increase

Question 23

__________ is the region of the retina that is devoid of photoreceptors and gives rise to the blind spot

Answer 23

optic disc

Question 24

rods and cones synapse directly with ____________ cells

Answer 24

bipolar cells

Question 25

rods and cones synpase with bipolar cells which then synapse with _____________

Answer 25

ganglion cells

Question 26

what is the purpose of horizontal and amacrine cells?

Answer 26

accentuate slight differences between the visual information in each bipolar cell *these cells are important for edge detection, as they increase [erception of contrasts

Question 27

the temporal visual field sitmulates the __________ retinal fibers

Answer 27

nasal

Question 28

the nasal visual field stimulates the _____________ retinal fibers

Answer 28

temporal

Question 29

___________ is where the left and right eyes cross paths

Answer 29

optic chaism

Question 30

some nerve fibers pass to the __________ of the thalamus where they synapse with nerves that then pass through radiations in the temporal and pariteal lobes to the _____________ in the occipital lobe

Answer 30

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) visual cortex

Question 31

some nerve fibers skip the thalamus and head directly to the ___________ in the midbrain which controls some reflexive responses to visual stimuli and reflexive eye movements

Answer 31

superior colliculi

Question 32

___________ is the brains ability to analyze information regarding color, form, motion, and depth simultaneously

Answer 32

visual parallel processing

Question 33

what type of cells detect an object's form?

Answer 33

parvocellular cells in the LGN *pervs come in many forms

Question 34

parvocellular cells have (high / low) spatial recognition and (high / low) temporal resolution

Answer 34

high spatial recognition low temporal resolution *only work with stationary or slow moving objects

Question 35

what type of cells are well suited for detecting motion?

Answer 35

magnocellular cells

Question 36

magnocellular cells have (high / low) spatial resolution and (high / low) temporal resolution

Answer 36

low spatial resolution high temporal resolution *much of the rich detail of an object can no longer be seen once the object is in motion

Question 37

where are magnocellular cells found?

Answer 37

LGN

Question 38

what type of cells are responsible for depth perception?

Answer 38

binocular neurons *binoculars help one see at different depths

Question 39

where are binocular neurons found?

Answer 39

visual cortex (occipital lobe)

Question 40

what type of cells associate certain patterns of stimuli with expected behaviors / outcomes?

Answer 40

feature detector cells

Question 41

where are feature dector cells found?

Answer 41

visual cortex (occipital lobe)