learning Flashcards
__________ is the repeated exposure to the same stimulus that causes a decrease in response
habituation
______________ is the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occured
dehabituation
*loud buzzer goes off = jumping = get used to it, pans banging together = jumping response
___________ is the creation of a pairing either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response
associative learning
____________ is a type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instrictual responses to create associations between twoi unrelated stimuli
classical conditioning
*ian pavlov
__________ = stimulus that brings about a reflexive response
__________ = innate or reflexive response
__________ = stimuli that does not produce a reflexive response
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
neutral stimulus
in pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and neutral stimulus?
neutral stimulus = bell ringing (at first)
unconditioned stimulus = bell ringing (eventually)
unconditioned response = dog salivates
__________ is using a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neurtral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus
acquisition
____________ refers to the loss of a conditioned response and can occur if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the uncoditioned stimulus
extinction
*if the bell rings often enough without the dog getting meat, the dog may stop salivating when the bell sounds
____________ is presenting the subject with an extinct conditioned stimulus that sometimes produces a weak conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
____________ is the broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response
generalization
*little albert = white rat, loud bang
he eventually began to fear white stuffed rabbits, white sealskin coat, and a man with a white bear
___________ is when an organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli
discrimination
*two different bells, one tone = meat, another tone = no meat
___________ exaines the ways in which consequences of voluntary behavior chnage the frequency of those behaviors
operant conditioning
____________ is the process of increasing the likelihood that an animal will perform a behavior
reinforcement
___________ reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior
positive
____________ reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant
negative
two types of negative reinforcement
- escape learning
- acoidance learning
explain the difference between escape learning and avoidance learning
escape learning = individual wants to escape the bad stimuli, so they display the desired behavior
avoidance learning = individual want to avoid the bad stimuli, so they display the desired behavior
give an example of negative reinforcement
if a driver begins driving without buckling their seatbelt, the car will start beeping, which only ends if the seatbelt is buckled
desired behavior = buckled seatbelt
unpleasant stimuli = beeping
(-) reinforcement = buckling seatbelt, takes away beeping
in this example, identify the primary and secondary reinforcer and the discriminative stimulus
dolphin trainers use fish to train dolphins to perform tricks, sometimes dolphins trainers use handheld devices that emit a clicking sound in place of fish to train dolphins
primary reinforcer = fish (natural)
secondary reinforcer = clicking sounds (conditioned)
discriminative stimulus = trainer’s presence (possibility of an award)
___________ uses conditioning to reduce the occurance of a behavior
punishment
__________ punishment adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior
positive
___________ punishment is removing stimulus in order to cause reduction of behavior
negative
example of positive punishment
thief may be flogged for stealing
example of negative punishment
parent may forbid a child from watching television as a consequence for bad behavior
types of reinforcement schedules?
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
____________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of the behavior
fixed ratio
RATIO = # OF PERFORMANCES
*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet every third time is presses the lever
____________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior
variable ratio
RATIO = # OF PERFORMANCES
*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet after two level presses, then eight, then four, then six
____________ schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified period of time has elapsed
fixed interval
INTERVAL = ELAPSED TIME
*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet, it has two wait 60 seconds to get another one
____________ schedules reinforce the first time a behavior is performed after a varying period of time
variable interval
INTERVAL = ELAPSED TIME
*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet, then it has to wait 90 seconds, then 30 seconds, then 2 minutes
out of the four different reinforcement schedules, which one works the fastest for learning a new behavior?
variable ratio
Very Rapid, Very Resistant
*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet after two level presses, then eight, then four, then six
T / F - variable interval is most resistance to extinction
false, variable ratio
___________ is the process of rewarding incresingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response
shaping
*rewarding individual behaviors to reach a completed behavior
operant conditioning is associated with ___________ who is considered the father of behaviorism
B. F. skinner
*i want to skin alive the person who though operant conditioning was a good idea
____________ is learning that occus without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
latent learning
*mice that were simplu carried through the maze and then incentivized with food for completing the maze did just as well as the mice that had been trained to run the maze using operant conditioning
___________ is the idea that many animals are predisposed to learn behaviors based on their own natural abilities and instincts
preparedness
____________ is when animals revert to an instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar
instinctive drift
____________ is the process of learning a new behvaior or gaining information by watching others
observational learning
example of observational learning
albert banduras bobo doll
kids watched an adult in a room full of toys punching and kicking an inflatable clown toy
when the kids were later allowed to play in the room, many of them ignored the other toys and inflicted similar violence on the bobo doll
______________ are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an indiviual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else perform that action
mirror neurons
