learning

Question 1

__________ is the repeated exposure to the same stimulus that causes a decrease in response

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

______________ is the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occured

Answer 2

dehabituation

*loud buzzer goes off = jumping = get used to it, pans banging together = jumping response

Question 3

___________ is the creation of a pairing either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

Answer 3

associative learning

Question 4

____________ is a type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instrictual responses to create associations between twoi unrelated stimuli

Answer 4

classical conditioning

*ian pavlov

Question 5

__________ = stimulus that brings about a reflexive response
__________ = innate or reflexive response
__________ = stimuli that does not produce a reflexive response

Answer 5

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
neutral stimulus

Question 6

in pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and neutral stimulus?

Answer 6

neutral stimulus = bell ringing (at first)
unconditioned stimulus = bell ringing (eventually)
unconditioned response = dog salivates

Question 7

__________ is using a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neurtral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

acquisition

Question 8

____________ refers to the loss of a conditioned response and can occur if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the uncoditioned stimulus

Answer 8

extinction

*if the bell rings often enough without the dog getting meat, the dog may stop salivating when the bell sounds

Question 9

____________ is presenting the subject with an extinct conditioned stimulus that sometimes produces a weak conditioned response

Answer 9

spontaneous recovery

Question 10

____________ is the broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

Answer 10

generalization

*little albert = white rat, loud bang
he eventually began to fear white stuffed rabbits, white sealskin coat, and a man with a white bear

Question 11

___________ is when an organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli

Answer 11

discrimination

*two different bells, one tone = meat, another tone = no meat

Question 12

___________ exaines the ways in which consequences of voluntary behavior chnage the frequency of those behaviors

Answer 12

operant conditioning

Question 13

____________ is the process of increasing the likelihood that an animal will perform a behavior

Answer 13

reinforcement

Question 14

___________ reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior

Answer 14

positive

Question 15

____________ reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by removing something unpleasant

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

two types of negative reinforcement

Answer 16

1. escape learning
2. acoidance learning

Question 17

explain the difference between escape learning and avoidance learning

Answer 17

escape learning = individual wants to escape the bad stimuli, so they display the desired behavior

avoidance learning = individual want to avoid the bad stimuli, so they display the desired behavior

Question 18

give an example of negative reinforcement

Answer 18

if a driver begins driving without buckling their seatbelt, the car will start beeping, which only ends if the seatbelt is buckled

desired behavior = buckled seatbelt
unpleasant stimuli = beeping
(-) reinforcement = buckling seatbelt, takes away beeping

Question 19

in this example, identify the primary and secondary reinforcer and the discriminative stimulus

dolphin trainers use fish to train dolphins to perform tricks, sometimes dolphins trainers use handheld devices that emit a clicking sound in place of fish to train dolphins

Answer 19

primary reinforcer = fish (natural)

secondary reinforcer = clicking sounds (conditioned)

discriminative stimulus = trainer’s presence (possibility of an award)

Question 20

___________ uses conditioning to reduce the occurance of a behavior

Answer 20

punishment

Question 21

__________ punishment adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior

Answer 21

positive

Question 22

___________ punishment is removing stimulus in order to cause reduction of behavior

Answer 22

negative

Question 23

example of positive punishment

Answer 23

thief may be flogged for stealing

Question 24

example of negative punishment

Answer 24

parent may forbid a child from watching television as a consequence for bad behavior

Question 25

types of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 25

1. fixed ratio
2. variable ratio
3. fixed interval
4. variable interval

Question 26

____________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of the behavior

Answer 26

fixed ratio

RATIO = # OF PERFORMANCES

*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet every third time is presses the lever

Question 27

____________ schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior

Answer 27

variable ratio

RATIO = # OF PERFORMANCES

*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet after two level presses, then eight, then four, then six

Question 28

____________ schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified period of time has elapsed

Answer 28

fixed interval

INTERVAL = ELAPSED TIME

*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet, it has two wait 60 seconds to get another one

Question 29

____________ schedules reinforce the first time a behavior is performed after a varying period of time

Answer 29

variable interval

INTERVAL = ELAPSED TIME

*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet, then it has to wait 90 seconds, then 30 seconds, then 2 minutes

Question 30

out of the four different reinforcement schedules, which one works the fastest for learning a new behavior?

Answer 30

variable ratio

Very Rapid, Very Resistant

*mouse is rewarded with a food pellet after two level presses, then eight, then four, then six

Question 31

T / F - variable interval is most resistance to extinction

Answer 31

false, variable ratio

Question 32

___________ is the process of rewarding incresingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response

Answer 32

shaping

*rewarding individual behaviors to reach a completed behavior

Question 33

operant conditioning is associated with ___________ who is considered the father of behaviorism

Answer 33

B. F. skinner

*i want to skin alive the person who though operant conditioning was a good idea

Question 34

____________ is learning that occus without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Answer 34

latent learning

*mice that were simplu carried through the maze and then incentivized with food for completing the maze did just as well as the mice that had been trained to run the maze using operant conditioning

Question 35

___________ is the idea that many animals are predisposed to learn behaviors based on their own natural abilities and instincts

Answer 35

preparedness

Question 36

____________ is when animals revert to an instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar

Answer 36

instinctive drift

Question 37

____________ is the process of learning a new behvaior or gaining information by watching others

Answer 37

observational learning

Question 38

example of observational learning

Answer 38

albert banduras bobo doll

kids watched an adult in a room full of toys punching and kicking an inflatable clown toy

when the kids were later allowed to play in the room, many of them ignored the other toys and inflicted similar violence on the bobo doll

Question 39

______________ are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an indiviual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else perform that action

Answer 39

mirror neurons