influences on behavior Flashcards
____________ is a drug that mimics th action of some neurotransmitter
agonist
__________ is a drug that acts by blocking the action of neurotransmitters
antagonist
____________ is a neurotransmitter that is found in both the CNS and PNS
acetylcholine
how is acetylcholine used in the PNS?
transmit nerve impulses to muscles
how is acetylcholine used in the CNS?
attention and arousal
examples of catecholamines?
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
catecholamines play an important role in ___________
emotions
__________ and _________ are involved in alertness and wakefulness
norepinephrine
epinephrine
catecholamines are the primary neurotransmitter of the ___________ nervous system
sympathetic
*fight or flight
low levels of norepinephrine = __________
high levels of norepinephrine = __________
low = depression
high = mania / anxiety
high concentrations of dopamine are normally found in the _________ to help smooth movemens and maintain psture stability
basal ganglia
too much dopamine = __________
too little dopamine = ___________
too much = schizophrenia
too little = parkinsons
serotonin is thought to play roles in regulating ______, _________, __________, and __________
mood
eating
sleeping
dreaming
oversupply of serotonin = ___________
undersupply of serotonin = ___________
oversupply = mania
undersupply = depression
____________ produces inhibitory postsynaptic potential and is though to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain
GABA
GABA exerts its effects by causing _________ of the postsynaptic membrane
hyperpolarization = inhibits
____________ is another inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS that increases chloride influx which hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
glycine
____________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
glutamate
neuromodulators are relatively (fast / slow) and have (longer / shorter) effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters
slow
longer
example of a neuromodulator?
endorphins
*pain killers released by the brain
the ________ links the endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
__________ pituitary releases hormones tat regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body
anterior
the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the __________
hypothalamus
the adrenal medulla releases ____________ as part of the sympathetic nervous system
medulla = epinephrine and norepinephrine
the adrenal coretex releases __________________
corticosteroids (cortisol)
testosterone
estrogen
__________ behavior is genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals of environment or experience
innate
___________ behaviors is not based on heredity but instead are based on experience of environment
learned
_______________ is the extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species (leading to evolution through natural selection)
adaptive value
explain nature vs nuture
how much of an individuals behavior is based on genetic makeup and how much is based on environment and experiences
nature = influence of inherited traits on behavior
nuture = influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior
three ways to determine genetic influence on behavior?
- family studies
- twin studies
- adoption studies
explain famil vs twin vs adoption studies
family = rely on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unreleated individuals
twin = comparing the liklihood that both twins exhibit the same trait between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal)
adoption = compare the similarities between biological relatives and the adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and the adopted child
