influences on behavior

Question 1

____________ is a drug that mimics th action of some neurotransmitter

Answer 1

agonist

Question 2

__________ is a drug that acts by blocking the action of neurotransmitters

Answer 2

antagonist

Question 3

____________ is a neurotransmitter that is found in both the CNS and PNS

Answer 3

acetylcholine

Question 4

how is acetylcholine used in the PNS?

Answer 4

transmit nerve impulses to muscles

Question 5

how is acetylcholine used in the CNS?

Answer 5

attention and arousal

Question 6

examples of catecholamines?

Answer 6

1. epinephrine
2. norepinephrine
3. dopamine

Question 7

catecholamines play an important role in ___________

Answer 7

emotions

Question 8

__________ and _________ are involved in alertness and wakefulness

Answer 8

norepinephrine
epinephrine

Question 9

catecholamines are the primary neurotransmitter of the ___________ nervous system

Answer 9

sympathetic

*fight or flight

Question 10

low levels of norepinephrine = __________
high levels of norepinephrine = __________

Answer 10

low = depression
high = mania / anxiety

Question 11

high concentrations of dopamine are normally found in the _________ to help smooth movemens and maintain psture stability

Answer 11

basal ganglia

Question 12

too much dopamine = __________
too little dopamine = ___________

Answer 12

too much = schizophrenia
too little = parkinsons

Question 13

serotonin is thought to play roles in regulating ______, _________, __________, and __________

Answer 13

mood
eating
sleeping
dreaming

Question 14

oversupply of serotonin = ___________
undersupply of serotonin = ___________

Answer 14

oversupply = mania
undersupply = depression

Question 15

____________ produces inhibitory postsynaptic potential and is though to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

GABA exerts its effects by causing _________ of the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 16

hyperpolarization = inhibits

Question 17

____________ is another inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS that increases chloride influx which hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 17

glycine

Question 18

____________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

Answer 18

glutamate

Question 19

neuromodulators are relatively (fast / slow) and have (longer / shorter) effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters

Answer 19

slow
longer

Question 20

example of a neuromodulator?

Answer 20

endorphins

*pain killers released by the brain

Question 21

the ________ links the endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

__________ pituitary releases hormones tat regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body

Answer 22

anterior

Question 23

the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the __________

Answer 23

hypothalamus

Question 24

the adrenal medulla releases ____________ as part of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 24

medulla = epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 25

the adrenal coretex releases __________________

Answer 25

corticosteroids (cortisol)
testosterone
estrogen

Question 26

__________ behavior is genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals of environment or experience

Answer 26

innate

Question 27

___________ behaviors is not based on heredity but instead are based on experience of environment

Answer 27

learned

Question 28

_______________ is the extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species (leading to evolution through natural selection)

Answer 28

adaptive value

Question 29

explain nature vs nuture

Answer 29

how much of an individuals behavior is based on genetic makeup and how much is based on environment and experiences

nature = influence of inherited traits on behavior
nuture = influence of environment and physical surroundings on behavior

Question 30

three ways to determine genetic influence on behavior?

Answer 30

1. family studies
2. twin studies
3. adoption studies

Question 31

explain famil vs twin vs adoption studies

Answer 31

family = rely on the fact that genetically related individuals are more similar genotypically than unreleated individuals

twin = comparing the liklihood that both twins exhibit the same trait between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal)

adoption = compare the similarities between biological relatives and the adopted child to similarities between adoptive relatives and the adopted child