consciousness Flashcards
____________ is a state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think
alertness
physiological arousal is characterized by physiological reactions such as ___________, __________, ___________
increased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
cortisol levels tend to be (higher / lower) in a state of alertness
higher
_____________ is a neural structure located in the brainstem to keep the cortex awake and alert
reticular formation
what happens when a brain injury results in the disruption of the reticular formation connections?
coma
what are the four EEG patterns correlated with different stages of waking and sleeping
beta
alpha
theta
delta
__________ waves have a high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration
beta
*betas are alway active on tinder
__________ waves occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed
alpha
*alphas get to relac because they are on top
___________ waves appear as soon as you doze off and enter into stage 1
theta
*theta was my first choice in a sorority
in stage 2, the EEG shows theta waves along with _____________ and ___________
sleep spindles = bursts of high frequency waves
K complexes = singular high amplitude waves
____________ waves appear in stage 3 and are low frequency, high voltage sleep waves
delta
*delts are chill, slow wave sleepers
why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?
in REM sleep, arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but the muscles are paralyzed
ones heart rate, breathing patterns, and EEG mimic wakefulness but the individual is still asleep
what stage of sleep predominates in the early in the night? later in thenight?
early = stage 3, slow wave sleep
later = REM
sleepiness may be attributed to blood levels of __________, a serotonin derived hormone from the __________
melatonin
pineal gland
how does light affect the levels of melatonin released?
the retina has direct connections to the hypothalamus, which controls the pineal gland
decreasing light can cause the release of melatonin
___________ is a steroid hormone produced by the ____________, its levels slowly increase during early morning
cortisol
adrenal cortex
how does morning light release result in wakefulness?
increasing light causes the release of CRF from the hypothalamus
CRF causes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
ACTH stimulates cortisol release, which contributes to wakefulness
what are three proposed theories for the purpose / meaning of dreams?
- activation-synthesis theory
- problem solving dream theory
- cognitive process dream theory
explain the activation-synthesis theory
dreams are caused bu widespread, random activation of neural circuitry
*cortex tries to stich unrelated information together, resulting in a dream that is bizarre and somewhat familiar
explain the problem solving dream theory
dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping
explain the cognitive process dream theory
dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of sream-of-consciousness
___________ refer to disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
dyssomnias
examples of dyssomnias?
insomnia = difficult falling asleep
narolepsy = lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
sleep apnea = inability to breathe during sleep
____________ are abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep
parasomnias
exmaples of parasomnias?
sleep walking
night terrors
T / F - sleep walking and night terrors often occur during REM sleep
false, they often occur during slow wave sleep (stage 3)
on an EEG, meditation resembles stage __________ sleep with ________ and _________ waves
stage 1
theta and alpha waves
