consciousness

Question 1

____________ is a state of consciousness in which we are awake and able to think

Answer 1

alertness

Question 2

physiological arousal is characterized by physiological reactions such as ___________, __________, ___________

Answer 2

increased heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

Question 3

cortisol levels tend to be (higher / lower) in a state of alertness

Answer 3

higher

Question 4

_____________ is a neural structure located in the brainstem to keep the cortex awake and alert

Answer 4

reticular formation

Question 5

what happens when a brain injury results in the disruption of the reticular formation connections?

Answer 5

coma

Question 6

what are the four EEG patterns correlated with different stages of waking and sleeping

Answer 6

beta
alpha
theta
delta

Question 7

__________ waves have a high frequency and occur when the person is alert or attending to a mental task that requires concentration

Answer 7

beta

*betas are alway active on tinder

Question 8

__________ waves occur when we are awake but relaxing with our eyes closed

Answer 8

alpha

*alphas get to relac because they are on top

Question 9

___________ waves appear as soon as you doze off and enter into stage 1

Answer 9

theta

*theta was my first choice in a sorority

Question 10

in stage 2, the EEG shows theta waves along with _____________ and ___________

Answer 10

sleep spindles = bursts of high frequency waves

K complexes = singular high amplitude waves

Question 11

____________ waves appear in stage 3 and are low frequency, high voltage sleep waves

Answer 11

delta

*delts are chill, slow wave sleepers

Question 12

why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

Answer 12

in REM sleep, arousal levels reach that of wakefulness, but the muscles are paralyzed

ones heart rate, breathing patterns, and EEG mimic wakefulness but the individual is still asleep

Question 13

what stage of sleep predominates in the early in the night? later in thenight?

Answer 13

early = stage 3, slow wave sleep
later = REM

Question 14

sleepiness may be attributed to blood levels of __________, a serotonin derived hormone from the __________

Answer 14

melatonin
pineal gland

Question 15

how does light affect the levels of melatonin released?

Answer 15

the retina has direct connections to the hypothalamus, which controls the pineal gland

decreasing light can cause the release of melatonin

Question 16

___________ is a steroid hormone produced by the ____________, its levels slowly increase during early morning

Answer 16

cortisol
adrenal cortex

Question 17

how does morning light release result in wakefulness?

Answer 17

increasing light causes the release of CRF from the hypothalamus

CRF causes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary

ACTH stimulates cortisol release, which contributes to wakefulness

Question 18

what are three proposed theories for the purpose / meaning of dreams?

Answer 18

1. activation-synthesis theory
2. problem solving dream theory
3. cognitive process dream theory

Question 19

explain the activation-synthesis theory

Answer 19

dreams are caused bu widespread, random activation of neural circuitry

*cortex tries to stich unrelated information together, resulting in a dream that is bizarre and somewhat familiar

Question 20

explain the problem solving dream theory

Answer 20

dreams are a way to solve problems while you are sleeping

Question 21

explain the cognitive process dream theory

Answer 21

dreams are merely the sleeping counterpart of sream-of-consciousness

Question 22

___________ refer to disorders that make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

Answer 22

dyssomnias

Question 23

examples of dyssomnias?

Answer 23

insomnia = difficult falling asleep
narolepsy = lack of voluntary control over the onset of sleep
sleep apnea = inability to breathe during sleep

Question 24

____________ are abnormal movements or behaviors during sleep

Answer 24

parasomnias

Question 25

exmaples of parasomnias?

Answer 25

sleep walking
night terrors

Question 26

T / F - sleep walking and night terrors often occur during REM sleep

Answer 26

false, they often occur during slow wave sleep (stage 3)

Question 27

on an EEG, meditation resembles stage __________ sleep with ________ and _________ waves

Answer 27

stage 1
theta and alpha waves